452 research outputs found
Stationary States in Bistable System Driven by L\'evy Noise
We study the properties of the probability density function (PDF) of a
bistable system driven by heavy tailed white symmetric L\'evy noise. The shape
of the stationary PDF is found analytically for the particular case of the
L\'evy index \alpha = 1 (Cauchy noise). For an arbitrary L\'evy index we employ
numerical methods based on the solution of the stochastic Langevin equation and
space fractional kinetic equation. In contrast with the bistable system driven
by Gaussian noise, in the L\'evy case the positions of maxima of the stationary
PDF do not coincide with the positions of minima of the bistable potential. We
provide a detailed study of the distance between the maxima and the minima as a
function of the potential's depth and L\'evy noise parameters.Comment: Accepted to EPJS
Determination of chemical composition of the atmosphere of Venus by the interplanetary station ''Venera-4''
Venera-4 observation of chemical composition of Venus atmospher
Rook placements in and and associated coadjoint orbits
Let be a maximal nilpotent subalgebra of a simple complex Lie
algebra with root system . A subset of the set of positive
roots is called a rook placement if it consists of roots with pairwise
non-positive scalar products. To each rook placement and each map
from to the set of nonzero complex numbers one can
naturally assign the coadjoint orbit in the dual space
. By definition, is the orbit of ,
where is the sum of root covectors multiplied by
, . (In fact, almost all coadjoint orbits studied at
the moment have such a form for certain and .) It follows from the
results of Andr\`e that if and are distinct maps from to
then and do not
coincide for classical root systems . We prove that this is true if
is of type , or if is of type and is orthogonal.Comment: 16 pages, 4 figure
A direction finding technique for the ULF electromagnetic source
International audienceA technique of direction finding is proposed, which can be applied to the magnetic-dipole type source located in the conductive ground. To distinguish a weak ULF source signal from the natural noise a network of multicomponent magnetometers is supposed to be used. The data obtained by the ground-based stations is processed in such a way that a set of partial derivatives of the magnetic perturbations due to the source are found. Comparing these derivatives with theoretical formulae makes it possible, in principle, to find the ULF source parameters such as the distance and amplitude. Averaging the data and a special procedure are proposed in order to exclude random fluctuations in the magnetic moment orientation and to avoid hydrogeological and other local factors
azTotMD 2.0: Molecular Dynamics with the Radiative Thermostat and Temperature-Dependent Force Field (CUDA Version)
azTotMD 2.0 is a parallel molecular dynamics program which includes both conventional algorithms and a novel βradiativeβ thermostat and a temperature-dependent force field. The radiative thermostat is based on the black-body radiation law and acts like virtual adsorption and radiation of photons. The thermostat algorithm has complexity of O(N), it can accelerate and decelerate atoms and this action over time leads to a Maxwell-like distribution of velocities. The temperature-dependent pair potential includes atomic radii, which are functions of the thermal excitation of atoms. The combination of the radiative thermostat and the potential allows to reproduce many phenomena such as phase transitions, thermal expansion, defect formation, surface tension, vapor saturation, glass formation and devitrification. Β© 2022 The Author(s).The reported study was funded by RFBR, Russia, project number 20-03-00897
Oxygen isotope composition of dissolved sulphate in deep-sea sediments: Eastern Equatorial Pacific Ocean
High-resolution analyses of the oxygen isotope ratio (18O/16O) of dissolved sulfate in pore waters have been made to depths of >400 meters below seafloor (mbsf) at open-ocean and upwelling sites in the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean. 18O values of dissolved sulfate (18O-SO4) at the organic-poor open-ocean Site 1231 gave compositions close to modern seawater (+9.5 vs. Vienna-standard mean ocean water, providing no chemical or isotopic evidence for microbial sulfate reduction (MSR). In contrast, the maximum 18O values at Sites 1225 and 1226, which contain higher organic matter contents, are +20 and +28, respectively. Depth-correlative trends of increasing 18O-SO4, alkalinity, and ammonium and the presence of sulfide indicate significant oxidation of sedimentary organic matter by sulfate-reducing microbial populations at these sites. Although sulfate concentration profiles at Sites 1225 and 1231 both show similarly flat trends without significant net MSR, 18O-SO4 values at Site 1225 reveal the presence of significant microbial sulfur-cycling activity, which contrasts to Site 1231. This activity may include contributions from several processes, including enzyme-catalyzed equilibration between oxygen in sulfate and water superimposed upon bacterial sulfate reduction, which would tend to shift 18O-SO4 toward higher values than MSR alone, and sulfide oxidation, possibly coupled to reduction of Fe and Mn oxides and/or bacterial disproportionation of sulfur intermediates. Large isotope enrichment factors observed at Sites 1225 and 1226 ( values between 42 and 79) likely reflect concurrent processes of kinetic isotope fractionation, equilibrium fractionation between sulfate and water, and sulfide oxidation at low rates of sulfate reduction. The oxygen isotope ratio of dissolved pore water sulfate is a powerful tool for tracing microbial activity and sulfur cycling by the deep biosphere of deep-sea sediments
Mechanochemical conversion of acetylene in quartz β ultrafine metal powder system
We have studied the effect of nano-sized metal powders (Zn, Ni), obtained by electric explosion of wires, on mechanochemical conversions of acetylene in the presence of quartz. In the process of acetylene mechanical treatment (MT) in the presence of quartz, benzene is formed. During the mechanical grinding of quartz in planetary-centrifugal mills, active radical sites are formed on quartz surface. It is possible to suppose that due to the influence of mechanical energy acetylene triple bond breaks to form ethyl radicals, which are subjected to chemosorption on active quartz sites with subsequent formation of benzene. The addition of ultrafine Zn powder decreased, while Ni powder considerably increased benzene yield. In the process of MT, particles of ultrafine Zn powder are agglomerated which results in the decrease of its catalytic activity. The increase in benzene yield at the use of ultrafine Ni powder as the additives is associated with catalytic conversion of acetylene into benzene on the newly formed nickel surface. The injection of ultrafine Zn and Ni powders in quartz-acetylene system caused no changes in quantitative composition of acetylene conversion products but affected the amounts of one or other component formation
Management of patent ductus arteriosus in premature infants.
Closure of hemodynamically significant patent ductus arterios (HSPDA)Β is one of the most important questions in modern neonatal intensive care, especially for preterm babies. Long-term functioning of the hemodynamically significantΒ arterial duct leads to a large number of complications in premature babies, such as: bronchopulmonary dysplasia, periventricular leucomalacia, intraventricular hemorrhage, retinopathy of the premature. To prevent all these complications, the PDA should be closed pharmacologically or surgically as soon as possible without any hesitation. COX inhibitors are commonly used nowa days. Ibuprofen and indomethacin show the equal efficacy and no significant adverse events. But some patients still need surgical treatment. The aim of the study was to determine the feasibility, effectiveness and safety of using various volumes of infusion in combination with COX inhibitors and to determine its effect on the timing of the closure of PDA. 91 premature infants with a gestational age of 26-31 weeks with manifestations of respiratory distress syndrome and ΠSPDA were studied retrospectively. Premies were divided into 2 groups. Research groups were representative as to gestational age, gender, and weight (1205.0Β±435.0Β g). Therapy for PDA closure included the use of various volumes of restrictive or liberal infusion therapy (from 50 to 100 ml/kg/day) and COX inhibitors (indomethacin, ibuprofen). The volume of infusion therapy was limited in the first group. Preemies received 53.5Β±6.4Β ml/kg/day on DOL1 and 2. From the third day urine excretion increased and the volume of infusion therapy also raised to 63.6Β±5.6Β ml/kg/day, and on day 5 β to 89.7Β±6.8Β ml/kg/day. In the second group there was no strict limitation of the volume of infusion therapy (especially in the first 5 days). Delayed period of PDA closure (on average from 14.55Β±0.56 DOL) was associated with absence of limitation of the infusion volume. In the first group, volume of infusion therapy was restricted in the first 5 days, and the closure of the ductus arteriosus occurred extremely early (on 2.35Β±0.48 DOL). COX inhibitors were prescribed according to the standard scheme: in the first 3 days indomethacin was administered orally in doses of 0.2/0.1/0.1Β mg/kg/day. If the premature baby had symptoms of intestinal paresis ( this restricted oral administration of indomethacin), ibuprofen was prescribed in a three-day course in doses of 10/5/5Β mg/kg/day intravenously or 20/10/10Β mg/kg/day in rectal form. In allΒ groups, standard PDA closure therapy was used. In the more remote periods (14 and 28 days), there was no fundamental difference in the volume of infusion in all groups. For early PDA closure limitation of infusion therapy in the first 3-5 days in combination with COX is principle
ΠΠ±ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠ² Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ
Purpose of the study. The aim of this work is to consider the possibility of using expert information when combining forecasts as an additional factor in improving the accuracy of economic forecasting. Using the methodology of combining forecasts is increasingly found in the domestic practice of economic forecasting. Most researchers agree that combining forecasts improves forecasting accuracy by using all available information about the process under study, which is included in individual forecasting methods. Β Today, there are many methods for constructing weighting factors when combining forecasts, but all of them are primarily based on the use of only statistical information about the process under study. But economic forecasting cannot be linear in its dynamics, many external factors constantly affect the forecasted process, and some internal ones may not be affected by the methods used. In this case, it is necessary to attract expert information or external information about the forecast obtained in order to increase its accuracy and adjust the further development of the economic process. This is especially true today, during the period of digitalization of the economy and the increasing influence of social and political factors on the dynamics of economic phenomena. Β Materials and methods. For this purpose, methods of constructing integral indicators based on expert information or directly using such information at the stage of constructing a joint forecast can be directly used to make adjustments to the resulting combined forecast. Some of these approaches are already used in foreign practice of economic forecasting, while in domestic practice they are still little known. One of such approaches may be the use of the pairwise preference method or the application of Fishburn formulas for ranking particular forecasting methods by accuracy. The approaches considered in this work can be used as tools for constructing weight coefficients or as a correction of the obtained forecasting results. Β Results. As a result of this article, attempts have been made to propose possible methods for combining forecasts using expert information, a summary table has been compiled with an assessment of one or another method of combining forecasts, and conclusions are drawn on the appropriateness of their application in practice. Such a table will make it possible to better understand the direction of attracting expert information to combine forecasts and choose the most suitable approach for further use in practice. Β Conclusion. Combining forecasts has long established itself as an effective method for increasing forecast accuracy. This technique cannot degrade the result, in most cases increasing accuracy. The use of expert information in combining forecasts is the next step in improving this technique and requires a separate further practical study of possible tools for attracting expert information to the pool. Β Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. Π¦Π΅Π»ΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΒΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠ² ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΒΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΒΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠ² Π²ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π² ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΡΡ Π²ΠΎ ΠΌΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΒΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ°Π΅Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· ΠΈΡΒΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΠ± ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅, Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ Π² ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. Β ΠΠ° ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΒΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²Π΅ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠ², Π½ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ Π² ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΠ± ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅. ΠΠΎ ΡΠΊΠΎΒΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ Π»ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΉΠ½ΡΠΌ Π² ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ΠΉ Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΠΊΠ΅, ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡ, Π° Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΒΠ³ΡΡ Π½Π΅ Π·Π°ΡΡΠ°Π³ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ. Π ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΎΠ·Π΅ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ Π΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°. ΠΡΠΎ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π°ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ, Π² ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΒΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² Π½Π° Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ. Β ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Ρ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ. ΠΠ»Ρ ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ, Π½Π΅ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΎΠ·Π°, Π΄Π»Ρ Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΎΠ·Π°. ΠΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ· ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΡΠΆΠ΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡΡΡ Π² Π·Π°ΡΡΠ±Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, Π² ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ° ΡΡΠΎ ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ½Ρ. ΠΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΏΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡΠ» Π€ΠΈΡΠ±Π΅ΡΠ½Π° Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ°Π½ΠΆΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ. Π Π°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π² ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²Π΅ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΆΠ΅ Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΒΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. Β Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ. Π ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΈΡΠΎΠ³Π° Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°Π½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠ², Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎΡΒΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠ°Π±Π»ΠΈΡΠ° Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°Π½Ρ Π²ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅. Π’Π°ΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΠ°Π±Π»ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ Π»ΡΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Π² Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π² ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π²ΡΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΡ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ Π΄Π»Ρ Π΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅. Β ΠΠ°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. ΠΠ±ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠ² ΡΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π°Π²Π½ΠΎ Π·Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π±Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΎΠ·ΠΈΒΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ°Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠ° Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΡΡ
ΡΠ΄ΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΠΌΡΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ, Π² Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅Π² ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π°Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ. ΠΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π² ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΎΒΠ·ΠΎΠ² ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΡΡΠ°ΠΏΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΊΡΒΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π² ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅.
- β¦