Hybrid MMC based multi-terminal DC/DC converter with minimized FBSMs ratio considering DC fault isolation

An isolated high-power multi-terminal DC/DC converter is studied in this paper, based on hybrid MMC configuration consisting of full-bridge submodules (FBSMs) and half-bridge submodules (HBSMs). To decrease the investment and power losses, a reduced arm FBSMs ratio (less than 0.5) scheme is adopted. A detailed analysis on the relationship of the DC/DC converter inner AC voltage and the arm FBSMs ratio under reduced DC voltage is presented. Based on this, a control strategy during DC fault is proposed which continues operating the converter connected to the faulty DC side with reactive current absorption. Under the same arm FBSMs ratio, compared to the conventional strategy of blocking the faulty side converter during a DC fault, the proposed unblocking method with reactive current injection can not only achieve greater DC fault current declining rate, but also ensure maximum power transfer between the interconnected healthy DC grids by maintaining a higher inner AC voltage in the DC/DC converter. The two strategies are compared and validated by simulations using PSCAD/EMTDC under different arm FBSMs ratio

Submodule configuration of HVDC-DC auto transformer considering DC fault

This paper studies the submodule configuration of MMC based non-isolated HVDC-DC autotransformer (HVDC-AT) with DC fault blocking capability, including two-terminal and multi-terminal topologies. The operation principle of the HVDC-AT is described. Considering the arm current differences, the total number of required semiconductors for the HVDC-AT is derived and is compared with the MMC based isolated front-to-front (F2F) DC transformer. A full operation process for the multi-terminal HVDC-AT considering DC fault is then presented, including normal operation, fault isolation and continuous operation of healthy converters after fault. The submodule configuration and fault recovery of the multi-terminal HVDC-AT are validated by simulations using PSCAD/EMTDC

Experimental Observation on the Pure Torsional Ratchetting of Polycarbonate Polymer at Room Temperature

The stress-controlled pure torsional cyclic tests are carried out to investigate the torsional ratchetting of polycarbonate (PC) polymer at room temperature. The effects of applied shear mean stress, stress amplitude, stress rate, peak stress hold, and stress history on the torsional ratchetting are discussed. The shear strain of tubular specimen is measured by a noncontact digital image correlation (DIC) apparatus. The results show that the torsional ratchetting of the polymer obviously depends on the applied shear stress level, stress rate, and peak stress hold; the shear ratchetting strain and its rate increase with the increasing mean stress, stress amplitude, and peak stress hold time and with the decreasing stress rate. Moreover, the torsional ratchetting depends on the stress history. A higher stress level cyclic loading history restrains the evolution of torsional ratchetting in the subsequent lower stress level cyclic loading, while the lower stress level cyclic loading history promotes the torsional ratchetting of the subsequent higher level cyclic loading

A Three-Port Power Electronic Transformer Based on Magnetic Integration

This paper proposes a three-port power electronic transformer (PET) based on magnetic integration, where the modular multilevel converter (MMC) arm inductors and high-frequency transformer are integrated; thus, the low-voltage DC (LVDC) port can be directly obtained. Such a magnetic integration structure has advantages of reduction in magnetic volume and number of active switches, implying a compact structure and reduced cost. Compared with existing PETs, the proposed PET can save more than 60% of magnetic volume and more than 19% of device cost. The proposed PET is suitable for AC/DC hybrid distribution applications with medium-voltage DC (MVDC), medium-voltage AC (MVAC), and LVDC ports, especially for scenarios where moderate amounts of power (100 s of kW) are tapped from an LVDC port. The feasibility of the proposed three-port PET has been verified by simulation and experimental results

A Three-Port Power Electronic Transformer Based on Magnetic Integration

This paper proposes a three-port power electronic transformer (PET) based on magnetic integration, where the modular multilevel converter (MMC) arm inductors and high-frequency transformer are integrated; thus, the low-voltage DC (LVDC) port can be directly obtained. Such a magnetic integration structure has advantages of reduction in magnetic volume and number of active switches, implying a compact structure and reduced cost. Compared with existing PETs, the proposed PET can save more than 60% of magnetic volume and more than 19% of device cost. The proposed PET is suitable for AC/DC hybrid distribution applications with medium-voltage DC (MVDC), medium-voltage AC (MVAC), and LVDC ports, especially for scenarios where moderate amounts of power (100 s of kW) are tapped from an LVDC port. The feasibility of the proposed three-port PET has been verified by simulation and experimental results

Are medical record front page data suitable for risk adjustment in hospital performance measurement? Development and validation of a risk model of in-hospital mortality after acute myocardial infarction

Objectives To develop a model of in-hospital mortality using medical record front page (MRFP) data and assess its validity in case-mix standardisation by comparison with a model developed using the complete medical record data.Design A nationally representative retrospective study.Setting Representative hospitals in China, covering 161 hospitals in modelling cohort and 156 hospitals in validation cohort.Participants Representative patients admitted for acute myocardial infarction. 8370 patients in modelling cohort and 9704 patients in validation cohort.Primary outcome measures In-hospital mortality, which was defined explicitly as death that occurred during hospitalisation, and the hospital-level risk standardised mortality rate (RSMR).Results A total of 14 variables were included in the model predicting in-hospital mortality based on MRFP data, with the area under receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.78 among modelling cohort and 0.79 among validation cohort. The median of absolute difference between the hospital RSMR predicted by hierarchical generalised linear models established based on MRFP data and complete medical record data, which was built as ‘reference model’, was 0.08% (10th and 90th percentiles: −1.8% and 1.6%). In the regression model comparing the RSMR between two models, the slope and intercept of the regression equation is 0.90 and 0.007 in modelling cohort, while 0.85 and 0.010 in validation cohort, which indicated that the evaluation capability from two models were very similar.Conclusions The models based on MRFP data showed good discrimination and calibration capability, as well as similar risk prediction effect in comparison with the model based on complete medical record data, which proved that MRFP data could be suitable for risk adjustment in hospital performance measurement