Characteristics and Selulotic Activities of Endophytic Fungi in Macroalgae (Sargassum sp., Gracilaria sp., Gelidium sp., and Caulerpa sp.) from Seagrass Habitat in Pari Island, Thousand Islands, Jakarta

Macroalgae is one source of energy feedstock for bioethanol that has the potential to be developed as a renewable energy. Bioethanol is a product of fermentation of carbohydrates that require molds to produce cellulose decomposer enzyme complex into simpler forms. The purpose of this study were to determine the diversity of endophytic fungi associated with living macroalgae in seagrass habitats Pari Island, Thousand Islands, as well as measuring the activity of the endophytic fungus selulotik. A total of 21 isolates of fungi were isolated from four types of macroalgae, such as Sargassum sp., Caulerpa sp, Gracilaria sp. and Gelidium sp. The fungus was isolated on medium CMC (Carboxy Methyl Cellulose), congo red staining, and for the calculation of enzyme activity using the Milles method. The highest selulotic index value obtained from isolates of Aspergillus westerdijkial from Caulerpa sp. (PCLAR 6). Cellulase activity for Aspergillus versicolor and Aspergillus sydowii optimum on day 2, while Penicillium citrinum and Aspergillus westerdijkial optimum on day 1. Aspergillus versicolor and Aspergillus sydowii selulotik showed optimum activity at pH 7 and temperature phosphate 40 0C

KLASIFIKASI HABITAT PERAIRAN DANGKAL DARI CITRA MULTISPASIAL DI PERAIRAN PULAU KAPOTA DAN PULAU KOMPOONE, KEPULAUAN WAKATOBI

Habitat perairan dangkal sangat penting dipetakan diantaranya karena: (1) mendukung perencanaan, manajemen, dan pengambilan keputusan tata ruang pemerintah; (2) mendukung dan mendesain Marine Protected Area (MPA); (3) melakukan program penelitian ilmiah yang bertujuan untuk menghasilkan pengetahuan tentang ekosistem bentik dan geologi dasar laut; (4) melakukan penilaian sumber daya dasar laut yang hidup dan tidak hidup untuk tujuan ekonomi dan menajemen, termasuk rancangan cadangan perikanan. Hingga saat ini belum ada standar untuk tingkat kedetailan peta tematik ekosistem pesisir khususnya habitat perairan dangkal sesuai kebutuhan pengelolaan wilayah pesisir dengan skema klasifikasi tertentu. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan akurasi peta hasil klasifikasi habitat perairan dangkal antara citra SPOT 6, Sentinel 2A, dan Landsat 8 menggunakan algoritma klasifikasi support vector machine. Lokasi penelitian terletak di Kepulauan Wakatobi, meliputi 2 lokasi yaitu Pulau Kapota dan Pulau Kompoone. Pengambilan data in-situ dilaksanakan pada tanggal 7-11 Juli 2019. Sebanyak 347 ground truth dan foto transek hasil sampling di lapangan telah dianalisis menggunakan coral point count with excel extension (CPCe). Skema klasifikasi yang dihasilkan yaitu 8 kelas habitat bentik, selanjutnya dilakukan klasifikasi dengan mengkelaskan kembali menjadi 6 dan 5 kelas. Hasil yang diperoleh pada citra SPOT-6 untuk semua kelas habitat perairan dangkal yang digunakan memiliki overall accuracy yang lebih besar. Perbedaan ukuran piksel (resolusi spasial) dan jumlah skema klasifikasi sangat memengaruhi hasil akurasi.Shallow water habitat mapping is important to do because: (1) it can support the planning, management, and decision making of government spatial; (2) it can support and design a Marine Protected Area (MPA); (3) it can conduct a scientific research program to determine a knowledge about benthic ecosystem and seabed geology; (4) it can do seabed resource valuation, both biotic and abiotic, for economic and management goals. Nowadays, the standardization of thematic map details level in coastal ecosystem has not determined, especially in shallow water habitat based on coastal management needs in certain scale. The study aims to compare map accuracy level between SPOT 6, Sentinel 2A, and Landsat 8 classification results using support vector machine algorithm. The study site is in Wakatobi Island, including Kapota Island and Kompoone Island. The in-situ data took on July 2019. The 347 ground truth and transect images in the field analyzed using Coral Point Count with Excel Extension (CPCe). The classification scheme that was gotten is 8 habitat benthic classes, then conducted classification with classify them to be 6 and 5 classes. The result from SPOT 6 for 5 habitat classes has the highest overall accuracy. The differences between pixel (spatial resolution) and the amount of classification scheme influence accuracy results

Specific Growth Rate of Chlorella sp. And Dunaliella sp. According to Different Concentration of Nutrient and Photoperiod

Light and nutrient are factors that support the microalgae growth rate besides COB2B, temperature, and salinity. Microalgae growth of Chorella sp. and Dunaliella sp. were observed to determine the influences of different nutrient concentration and photo period. Microalgae cultivation was located at laboratory using 100 mL Erlenmeyer. The specific growth rate of microalgae was observed for different nutrient concentration and photo period of light treatments. Using Guillard/f2 nutrient, the highest specific growth rate for Chorella sp. was 0.227/d and 0.289/d for Dunaliella sp. The highest microalgae specific growth rate influenced different photo period was 0.39/d and 0.329/d, respectively. Finally, the highest specific growth rate for both cultivated species of microalgae was observed at 2V nutrient concentration and 24 hour period of light treatment.Keywords : Spesific growth rate, photoperiod, nutrient, Chlorella sp., Dunaliella sp

ANALISIS PERUBAHAN HABITAT DASAR PERAIRAN DANGKAL MENGGUNAKAN CITRA SATELIT RESOLUSI TINGGI DI KARANG LEBAR, KEPULAUAN SERIBU

The need for data and information about benthic habitat is very necessary to maintain and conserve the ecosystems that exist in the waters. Damage to benthic habitats can occur due to anthropogenic activities and natural disasters that will impact on the surrounding biota and ecosystem, therefore to know and monitor the condition of waters and shallow water habitats it is necessary to do mapping. This study aims to detect the change of ​​benthic habitats in Karang Lebar, Kepulauan Seribu. This study utilized high resolution multispectral imagery QuickBird (2008) and WordView-2 (2018) to detect changes in the distribution and the area of the benthic habitat coverage at the study site. The classification of multispectral imagery was carried out with two approaches, namely the application of the Support Vector Machine (SVM) algorithm and Depth Invariant Index (DII) transformation on both satellite imageries. The number of benthic habitat classes produced was five classes, namely live coral, dead coral, seagrass beds, sand, and rubble. The results of the analysis showed an overall accuracy of 58.18% and 70.9% in the classification with multispectral input bands for the 2008 and 2018 imagery, and 60% and 80% for the DII transformation on 2008 and 2018 imageries respectively. The results of change detection showed the rubble class to sand had the largest area of 81.46 ha.Keperluan data dan informasi tentang habitat bentik sangat diperlukan untuk menjaga dan melestarikan ekosistem yang ada di perairan. Rusaknya habitat bentik dapat terjadi karena adanya aktifitas antropogenik dan bencana alam yang akan berimbas pada biota dan ekosistem yang ada disekitarnya, oleh karena itu untuk mengetahui dan memantau kondisi perairan dan habitat perairan dangkal perlu dilakukannya pemetaan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis perubahan habitat dasar perairan laut dangkal di Karang Lebar, Kepulauan Seribu. Penelitian ini memanfaatkan citra multispektral resolusi tinggi QuickBird 2008 dan WordView-2 2018 untuk mendeteksi perubahan geospasial habitat bentik. Klasifikasi citra multispektral dilakukan dengan penerapan algoritma SVM (Support Vector Machine) dan transformasi DII (Depth Invariant Index) pada kedua citra yang digunakan. Jumlah kelas habitat bentik yang dihasilkan adalah sebanyak lima kelas yaitu terumbu karang, karang mati, padang lamun, pasir, dan rubble. Hasil analisis menunjukkan akurasi keseluruhan 58,18% dan 70,9% pada penerapan klasifikasi dengan input band multispektral masing-masing untuk citra 2008 dan 2018, serta 60% dan 80% pada hasil transformasi DII masing masing untuk citra 2008 dan 2018. Perubahan kelas rubble di tahun 2008 menjadi kelas pasir tahun 2018 merupakan yang paling besar luasannya dibandingkan dengan perubahan pada kelas lainnya, yaitu 81,46 ha

POLA KEANEKARAGAMAN DAN DISTRIBUSI SPESIES IKAN TERUMBU MENGGUNAKAN ENVIRONMENTAL DNA (eDNA) METABARCODING PADA JARAK LONGITUDINAL DARI TELUK JAKARTA

Keberadaan ikan terumbu tentunya erat kaitannya dengan keberadaan terumbu karang karena ekosistem tersebut merupakan habitat bagi ikan karang. Terumbu karang merupakan ekosistem yang banyak terdapat di pulau-pulau kecil di daerah tropis termasuk Kepulauan Seribu. Kepulauan Seribu adalah sekelompok 110 pulau yang terletak di lepas pantai Jakarta dan hingga 80 kilometer sebelah utara Laut Jawa. Dalam studi ini, kami meneliti distribusi spesies dan keanekaragaman spesies ikan terumbu pada dua lokasi yaitu Pulau Untung Jawa dan Pulau Harapan yang berbeda jarak di Teluk Jakarta menggunakan analisis metabarcoding DNA lingkungan (eDNA). Sebanyak 4 liter sampel air laut dikoleksi pada kedalaman 8-9 meter per lokasi lalu dilakukan analisis menggunakan primer spesifik (MiFish U) dengan marka 12s rRNA. Secara keseluruhan, kekayaan spesies yang lebih tinggi ditemukan di Pulau Harapan (52 spesies) diikuti oleh Pulau Untung Jawa (11 spesies). Indeks Shanon-Wiener juga menunjukkan bahwa Pulau Harapan memiliki keanekaragaman ikan terumbu yang lebih tinggi berdasarkan tiga tingkatan taksonomi (famili, genus, dan spesies). Hanya ada lima spesies ikan terumbu mutual yang ditemukan di dua lokasi tersebut, yakni Atherinomorus aetholepis, Auxis thazard, Cephalopholis sexmaculata, Epinephelus chlorostigma, dan Plectropomus areolatus. Hasil temuan dalam penelitian ini sejalan dengan perbedaan antropogenik dimana Pulau Untung Jawa lebih dekat dengan Teluk Jakarta dibandingkan dengan Pulau Harapan yang letaknya relatif jauh dari Teluk Jakarta.The existence of reef fish is certainly closely related to the existence of reefs coral because the ecosystem is a habitat for reef fish. Coral reefs are ecosystems that are commonly found on small islands in the tropics including the Seribu Islands. The Seribu Islands are a group of 110 islands located off the coast of Jakarta and up to 80 kilometers north of the Java Sea. In this study, we examined the species distribution and diversity of reef fish species on two different distance location in Jakarta Bay using environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding analysis from two sites which are Untung Jawa Island and Harapan Island. The 4L eDNA seawater samples were collected at a depth of 8-9 meters at each site and then analysis using specific primer (MiFish U) of 12S rRNA. Overall, the higher species richness was found on Harapan Island (52 species) followed by Untung Jawa Island (11 species). The Shannon-Wiener Index also showed Harapan Island has higher reef fish diversity based on three taxonomic level (family, genus, and species). There were only five mutual reef fish species found in the two locations, namely Atherinomorus aetholepis, Auxis thazard, Cephalopholis sexmaculata, Epinephelus chlorostigma, and Plectropomus areolatus. The results of these findings in this current study are in line with anthropogenic pressure different where Untung Jawa Island is the closer one to Jakarta Bay than the Harapan Island that located relatively far from Jakarta Bay

Distribusi Spasial Rajungan (Portunus pelagicus) pada Musim Timur di Perairan Pulau Lancang, Kepulauan Seribu

A study was carried out to assess the present status of blue swimmer crab (Portunus pelagicus) in Lancang Island, incorporating identification of fishing ground, also measurement of environmental condition and crab biometry. Monthly catch assessment was performed on JuneSeptember 2015 at three landing bases using structured questionnaire and morphometric sampling of minimum randomly selected 30 crabs. Bathymetric survey was conducted to produce depth-contoured maps combined with certain oceanographic parameters (sea surface temperature, salinity, water clarity, total suspended solids, dissolved oxygen, and nitrate-NO3) measured at 15 sampling sites. A grid map was produced to identify key areas of crab fishing grounds, recruitment habitat, and spawning habitats. During southeast monsoon, main fishing ground was distributed in the western and southern part of Lancang Island (grid C3, C4, and D5). In general, crab yields were dominated by female (66.9%) and 43.8% of them were bearing eggs. Four size classes were determined from frequency distribution of carapace width (Class 1 = 7.0-10.6 cm; Class 2 = 10.7-14.2 cm; Class 3 = 14.3-17.8 cm; and Class 4 = 17.9-21.5 cm), with Class 2 as the most prominent catch. Referring to ontogenetic migration trait of the species, presumed recruitment habitat for blue swimmer crab in Lancang Island is located at A6, where abundant juveniles were harvested in the area with strong oceanic influence and depth range of 24-30 m. Spatial coherence on the distribution of bearing egg female with several environmental parameters (sea surface temperature, salinity, and dissolved oxygen) indicates strong estuarine influence is required for crab spawning habitat at C3 an

Mikroalga: Potensi dan pemanfaatannya untuk produksi bio bahan bakar

xiii, 150 hal; 23 c

The Effect of CO2 Injection on Macroalgae Gelidium latifolium Biomass Growth Rate and Carbohydrate Content

There are many species of macroalga grow in marine ecosystem and potentially as raw material for bioethanol resource. Bioethanol is a conversion result of carbohydrate, one of macroalgae biomass content. The exploration of macroalgae require information about  growth rate ability to determine availability in the nature. This research analyze growth rate and carbohydrate content of marine macroalga Gelidium latifolium on cultivation using varied injection of carbon dioxide and aeration. The treatments were control (K), 2000 cc CO2 injection and aeration (P1), 3000 cc CO2 injection and aeration (P2), 2000 cc CO2 injection without aeration (P3), and 3000 cc CO2 injection without aeration (P4). Samples weight were 3 gram in early cultivation on laboratorium scale for 42 days observation. The results showed that the daily growth rate Gelidium latifolium during the study ranged from 0.02-1.06%. The highest daily growth rate was 1.06±0.14% (P2). Carbohydrate yield was 18.23% in early cultivation then 19.40% (K and P2), 20.40% (P1), 16.87% (K3), and 16.40% (P4) after cultivation. The high of carbohydrates value may not guarantee the sustainable Gelidium latifolium biomass utilization as raw material for bioethanol production because of the low growth rate, thus it is necessary to modified and encourage cultivation method effectively. Keywords: CO2 injection, growth rate, carbohydrate, macroalgae, Gelidium latifoliu

Mikroalga: Potensi dan pemanfaatannya Untuk Produksi Biro Bahan Bakar

xiii, 150 hlm; 21 c