1,753 research outputs found
On the existence of infinitely many closed geodesics on orbifolds of revolution
Using the theory of geodesics on surfaces of revolution, we introduce the
period function. We use this as our main tool in showing that any
two-dimensional orbifold of revolution homeomorphic to S^2 must contain an
infinite number of geometrically distinct closed geodesics. Since any such
orbifold of revolution can be regarded as a topological two-sphere with metric
singularities, we will have extended Bangert's theorem on the existence of
infinitely many closed geodesics on any smooth Riemannian two-sphere. In
addition, we give an example of a two-sphere cone-manifold of revolution which
possesses a single closed geodesic, thus showing that Bangert's result does not
hold in the wider class of closed surfaces with cone manifold structures.Comment: 21 pages, 4 figures; for a PDF version see
http://www.calpoly.edu/~jborzell/Publications/publications.htm
Model networks of endâlinked polydimethylsiloxane chains. I. Comparisons between experimental and theoretical values of the elastic modulus and the equilibrium degree of swelling
Two samples of hydroxylâterminated polydimethylsiloxane having molecular weights the order of 2Ă104 and 1Ă103 gâmolâ1 were separated into a total of six fractions of relatively narrow molecular weight distribution. Portions of one of the unfractionated polymers and each of the fractions were crossâlinked by reacting the hydroxyl chain ends, in the undiluted state, with a tetrafunctional orthosilicate. The resulting networks of endâlinked chains were studied with regard to their stressâstrain isotherms in elongation at 25°C and their equilibrium swelling in benzene at room temperature. Values of the elastic modulus obtained from the isotherms support theoretical arguments that fluctuations in the network chain vectors reduce the value of the modulus to approximately oneâhalf of the value predicted for affine deformations of chain vectors constrained in their fluctuations by crossâlinks firmly embedded in the network medium. Values of the equilibrium degree of swelling of the networks calculated on this basis are also in good agreement with experiment. The networks formed by endâlinking relatively short chains have small values of the semiempirical constant 2C2 used as a measure of the departure of an observed stressâstrain isotherm from the form predicted by theory. Although this observation is consistent with the suggestion that such endâlinked networks have a much smaller number of interchain entanglements than do randomly crossâlinked networks, other evidence and arguments unfortunately do not support this assumption.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/71356/2/JCPSA6-66-3-1006-1.pd
The Military Divorce: An Overview
Your Court Review Editors asked Mark Sullivan, nationally known expert on the military divorce, to contribute an article to this journal. Mark recruited colleagues Joe DeWoskin of Kansas City, KS, a retired Army officer, and Kansas District Court Judge Dan Wiley, who presides over domestic relations cases, to assist him. What follows is their round table discussion of the key issues in a military divorce
Model networks of endâlinked polydimethylsiloxane chains. II. Viscoelastic losses
Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/71107/2/JCPSA6-68-4-2010-1.pd
Constraining the Progenitor Companion of the Nearby Type Ia SN 2011fe with a Nebular Spectrum at +981 Days
We present an optical nebular spectrum of the nearby Type Ia supernova
2011fe, obtained 981 days after explosion. SN 2011fe exhibits little evolution
since the +593 day optical spectrum, but there are several curious aspects in
this new extremely late-time regime. We suggest that the persistence of the
~\AA\ feature is due to Na I D, and that a new emission feature at
~\AA\ may be [Ca II]. Also, we discuss whether the new emission
feature at ~\AA\ might be [Fe I] or the high-velocity hydrogen
predicted by Mazzali et al. The nebular feature at 5200~\AA\ exhibits a linear
velocity evolution of per 100 days from at least
+220 to +980 days, but the line's shape also changes in this time, suggesting
that line blending contributes to the evolution. At days after
explosion, flux from the SN has declined to a point where contribution from a
luminous secondary could be detected. In this work we make the first
observational tests for a post-impact remnant star and constrain its
temperature and luminosity to and
. Additionally, we do not see any evidence for narrow H
emission in our spectrum. We conclude that observations continue to strongly
exclude many single-degenerate scenarios for SN 2011fe.Comment: 11 pages, 10 figures, published by MNRA
Estimating forest structure in a tropical forest using field measurements, a synthetic model and discrete return lidar data
Tropical forests are huge reservoirs of terrestrial carbon and are experiencing rapid degradation and deforestation. Understanding forest structure proves vital in accurately estimating both forest biomass and also the natural disturbances and remote sensing is an essential method for quantification of forest properties and structure in the tropics. Our objective is to examine canopy vegetation profiles formulated from discrete return LIght Detection And Ranging (lidar) data and examine their usefulness in estimating forest structural parameters measured during a field campaign. We developed a modeling procedure that utilized hypothetical stand characteristics to examine lidar profiles. In essence, this is a simple method to further enhance shape characteristics from the lidar profile. In this paper we report the results comparing field data collected at La Selva, Costa Rica (10° 26âČ N, 83° 59âČ W) and forest structure and parameters calculated from vegetation height profiles and forest structural modeling. We developed multiple regression models for each measured forest biometric property using forward stepwise variable selection that used Bayesian information criteria (BIC) as selection criteria. Among measures of forest structure, ranging from tree lateral density, diameter at breast height, and crown geometry, we found strong relationships with lidar canopy vegetation profile parameters. Metrics developed from lidar that were indicators of height of canopy were not significant in estimating plot biomass (p-value = 0.31, r2 = 0.17), but parameters from our synthetic forest model were found to be significant for estimating many of the forest structural properties, such as mean trunk diameter (p-value = 0.004, r2 = 0.51) and tree density (p-value = 0.002, r2 = 0.43). We were also able to develop a significant model relating lidar profiles to basal area (p-value = 0.003, r2 = 0.43). Use of the full lidar profile provided additional avenues for the prediction of field based forest measure parameters. Our synthetic canopy model provides a novel method for examining lidar metrics by developing a look-up table of profiles that determine profile shape, depth, and height. We suggest that the use of metrics indicating canopy height derived from lidar are limited in understanding biomass in a forest with little variation across the landscape and that there are many parameters that may be gleaned by lidar data that inform on forest biometric properties
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Cuba Sanctions: Legislative Restrictions Limiting the Normalization of Relations
This report provides background information Trade Promotion Authority (TPA), and discusses U.S. trade negotiating objectives, procedures for congressional-executive notification and consultation, and expedited legislative procedures
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U.S. Economic Sanctions Through 1996
Since the early 1960s, the United States has imposed a range of economic sanctions on Cuba, the most prominent of which is a comprehensive embargo prohibiting trade with Cuba. This Congressional Research Service report first provides an overview of U.S.-Cuba relations and U.S. policy toward Cuba. It then examines the history and current legislative and executive authorities of the various components of U.S. sanctions against Cuba, including aid, trade, and other restrictions
Late-Time Spectral Observations of the Strongly Interacting Type Ia Supernova PTF11kx
PTF11kx was a Type Ia supernova (SN Ia) that showed time-variable absorption
features, including saturated Ca II H&K lines that weakened and eventually went
into emission. The strength of the emission component of H{\alpha} increased,
implying that the SN was undergoing significant interaction with its
circumstellar medium (CSM). These features were blueshifted slightly and showed
a P-Cygni profile, likely indicating that the CSM was directly related to, and
probably previously ejected by, the progenitor system itself. These and other
observations led Dilday et al. (2012) to conclude that PTF11kx came from a
symbiotic nova progenitor like RS Oph. In this work we extend the spectral
coverage of PTF11kx to 124-680 rest-frame days past maximum brightness. These
spectra of PTF11kx are dominated by H{\alpha} emission (with widths of ~2000
km/s), strong Ca II emission features (~10,000 km/s wide), and a blue
"quasi-continuum" due to many overlapping narrow lines of Fe II. Emission from
oxygen, He I, and Balmer lines higher than H{\alpha} is weak or completely
absent at all epochs, leading to large observed H{\alpha}/H{\beta} intensity
ratios. The broader (~2000 km/s) H{\alpha} emission appears to increase in
strength with time for ~1 yr, but it subsequently decreases significantly along
with the Ca II emission. Our latest spectrum also indicates the possibility of
newly formed dust in the system as evidenced by a slight decrease in the red
wing of H{\alpha}. During the same epochs, multiple narrow emission features
from the CSM temporally vary in strength. The weakening of the H{\alpha} and Ca
II emission at late times is possible evidence that the SN ejecta have
overtaken the majority of the CSM and agrees with models of other strongly
interacting SNe Ia. The varying narrow emission features, on the other hand,
may indicate that the CSM is clumpy or consists of multiple thin shells.Comment: 12 pages, 7 figures, 1 table, re-submitted to Ap
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