Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Abstract Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries

Modeling and control of diesel engines: A systematic review

This paper presents an exploratory review on various attempts made in the literature for improving the performance of diesel engine, since last decade. The review explains the evolution of various performance improvement methods followed by explaining the modeling techniques, state-of-the-art metrics that define the performance of the diesel engines. Subsequently, the review is confined to artificial intelligence methodologies for improving the performance improvement. This review addresses an important challenge for enhancing the performance of the diesel engine by exploiting the optimization algorithms. The significant challenges are the noisy experimental scenario, robustness, imprecise and temporal variations of approximations of fitness models. Since these challenges still exist in the optimization algorithms and diesel engine modeling, there is an extensive scope for researchers who are working on a diesel engine. This contemplates the reporting of various advancements in the optimization models for further enhancement of engine performance. Keywords: Engine, Modeling, Artificial Intelligence, Control, Diese

Significance of nanoparticle radius on EMHD Casson blood-gold nanomaterial flow with non-uniform heat source and Arrhenius kinetics

For its biomedical applicability, the dynamics electro-magnetohydrodynamic flow of blood-gold nanomaterial over a nonlinearly stretching surface utilizing the Casson model has been numerically elucidated. The impact of second-order hydrodynamic-slip, gold nanoparticles of different inter-particle spacing and radius, and non-uniform heat source are also accounted. The incorporation of nanofluid characteristics in the traditional Casson model improves the applicability, practicality and realistic nature of the modeled flow problem. The present study finds its application in radiofrequency ablation, magnetic resonance imaging, cancer therapy, and targeted drug delivery. Apposite similarity variables are employed to transmute the modeled flow equations into a nonlinear system of first-order ODEs which are then resolved using the bvp5c scheme. It is observed that the intensification in space-dependent heat source, temperature-dependent heat source and heat of reaction ascend the thermal field. It is noted that per unit increase in the inter-particle spacing ascends the drag coefficient by 70.2431176% whereas the nanoparticle radius descends the drag coefficient by 42.2109338%. Further, the impact of heat of reaction (0.1 ≤ α≤ 0.9) , reaction rate (0.1 ≤ β≤ 0.9) , nanoparticle radius (0.5 ≤ Rnp≤ 2.5) , and inter-particle spacing (0.5 ≤ h≤ 2.5) on the mass transfer rate (ShxRex-1/2) has been scrutinized statistically using the five-level four-factor response surface optimized model. The mass transfer rate is maximum for larger values of inter-particle spacing and smaller values of reaction rate, heat of reaction and the radius of gold nanoparticles

Publisher Correction: Significance of nanoparticle radius on EMHD Casson blood-gold nanomaterial flow with non-uniform heat source and Arrhenius kinetics (Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, (2023), 148, 17, (8945-8968), 10.1007/s10973-023-12288-w)

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Switch to Phosphoresce: S-winged Terrylene Diimide Exhibits Switching between Red TADF and Near-IR Room Temperature Phosphorescence

Herein, we report the first example of a terrylene diimide derivative that switches emission between thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) and room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) in the red region. By design, the molecule TDI-cDBT boasts a symmetrical, consecutively fused nine-ring motif with a kite-like structure. The rigid core formed by the annulated dibenzothiophene moiety favoured efficient intersystem crossing and yielded a narrow-band emission with a full-width half maxima (FWHM) of 0.09 eV, along with high colour purity. A small DES1-T1 of 0.04 eV facilitated a thermally activated delayed fluorescence, enhancing the quantum yield to 88% in the red region. Additionally, it also prefers a direct triplet emission from the aggregated state. The room temperature phosphorescence observed from the aggregates has a longer emission lifetime of 1.8 ms, which is further prolonged to 8 ms at 77 K in the NIR region. Thus, the current strategy is successful in not only reducing DES1-T1 to favour TADF but also serves as a novel platform that can switch emission from TADF to RTP depending upon the concentration

Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles by C ytobacillus firmus Isolated from the Stem Bark of Terminalia arjuna and Their Antimicrobial Activity

This work reports an eco-friendly synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using endophytic bacteria, Cytobacillus firmus isolated from the stem bark of Terminalia arjuna. The synthesis of AgNPs was confirmed by visual observation as a change in color of the bacterial solution impregnated with silver. Further, the morphology of the AgNPs, average size, and presence of elemental silver were characterized by UV–Visible spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and dynamic light scattering spectroscopy. The roles of endophytic secondary metabolites in the metal reduction, stabilization, and capping of silver nanoparticles were studied by qualitative FTIR spectral peaks. The antimicrobial ability of AgNPs was evaluated against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) bacteria and pearl millet blast disease-causing fungi (Magnoporthe grisea). The biosynthesized AgNPs showed good antibacterial and antifungal activities. AgNPs effectively inhibited the bacterial growth in a dose-dependent manner and presented as good antifungal agents towards the growth of Magnoporthe grisea