The Effect of Sanding and Pruning on Yield and Canopy Microclimate in \u27Stevens\u27 Cranberry

Sanding and pruning are two practices used in the cranberry industry for vine management and yield stimulation. This study compared the effects of varying levels of sanding and pruning in April 2006 on vine canopy characteristics and yield over the course of two growing seasons. Each practice was applied at four levels: sanding at four depths: control (0 cm), light (1.5 cm), moderate (3.0 cm), or heavy (4.5 cm) of sand; pruning at four numbers of passes with a commercial pruner: control (0 passes), light (1 pass), moderate (2 passes), and heavy (3 passes). Pruning levels had no affect on upright density over the two seasons whereas heavy sanding treatment decreased the number of uprights per unit area significantly. A linear increase in light penetration was observed for the first season only as intensities increased for both pruning and sanding. Number of fruiting uprights relative to total uprights decreased in the first year as intensity increased for sanding and pruning. This effect continued in the second year for sanding treatments. Yield and net returns averaged over the two years were greatest in lightly pruned plots, followed by lightly sanded plots. Moderate and heavy treatments were associated with lower yields and net returns than those for the controls

Evidence for strong currents and turbulence in a deep coral reef groove

This article is in Free Access Publication and may be downloaded using the “Download Full Text PDF” link at right. © 1977, by the Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography, Inc

Refraction and reflection of infragravity waves near submarine canyons

Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2007. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research 112 (2007): C10009, doi:10.1029/2007JC004227.The propagation of infragravity waves (ocean surface waves with periods from 20 to 200 s) over complex inner shelf (water depths from about 3 to 50 m) bathymetry is investigated with field observations from the southern California coast. A wave-ray-path-based model is used to describe radiation from adjacent beaches, refraction over slopes (smooth changes in bathymetry), and partial reflection from submarine canyons (sharp changes in bathymetry). In both the field observations and the model simulations the importance of the canyons depends on the directional spectrum of the infragravity wave field radiating from the shoreline and on the distance from the canyons. Averaged over the wide range of conditions observed, a refraction-only model has reduced skill near the abrupt bathymetry, whereas a combined refraction and reflection model accurately describes the distribution of infragravity wave energy on the inner shelf, including the localized effects of steep-walled submarine canyons.Funding was provided by the Office of Naval Research and the National Science Foundation

Magyarország közjoga. Tekintettel annak történeti kifejlődésére és az 1848-ki törvényekre

"A legujabb e nembeni latin munkák, föleg Grof Cziráky Antal 'Conspectus iuris publici regni hungariae ad annum 1848' - után, és annak rendszerét követve."Mode of access: Internet

Balanced Scorecard as an instrument of control : a study of managers in the City of Gothenburg

Den här studien belyser hur åtta chefer i Göteborgs Stad använde det balanserade styrkortet som styrmedel. Inledningsvis presenteras styrning allmänt och sedan beskrivs verksamhetsstyrning och balanserat styrkort djupare. Syftet var att ta reda på hur chefer använder det balanserade styrkortet för att styra verksamheten och vår forskningsfråga lyder: ”På vilket sätt använder chefer i Göteborgs Stad det balanserade styrkortet för att styra verksamheten?”I det teoretiska avsnittet behandlas olika teorier om styrning samt det balanserade styrkortet. Dessa utgör vårt verktyg för att analysera de insamlade data som vi har fått fram genom intervjuer med olika chefer. De arbetar inte lika tydligt med det balanserade styrkortet som de gjorde när det var nyimplementerat. Dock hade de flesta respondenter erfarenhet av att arbeta med det balanserade styrkortet.Resultatet vi kom fram till var hur chefer använde det balanserade styrkortet för att styra verksamheten och nå uppsatta mål. Vi relaterade dessa till bland annat teorier inom styrning såsom resultatstyrning, beteendestyrning och mekanismer som byråkrati och marknader. Vår undersökning visar att cheferna arbetade utifrån fyra perspektiv som består av invånare, medarbetare, processer och ekonomi. I vart och ett av dessa perspektiv ingår ett utvecklingsperspektiv. De gör uppföljning utifrån perspektiven. På det sättet blir det en tydlig och balanserad styrning. Respondenternas syn var att styrkortet inte längre används tydligt, men att det fortfarande influerar styrningen i och med att de fyra perspektiven följs

Knowledge of Palliative and End-of-Life Care by Student Resistered Nurse Anesthetists

Individuals requiring palliative care frequently receive inadequate or no treatment. As part of a 5-year study funded by the National Institutes of Health, all graduate nursing students, including student registered nurse anesthetists (SRNAs), at a single institution participated in a 2–credit-hour course titled Interdisciplinary Palliative Care. The project team sought to identify SRNAs’ knowledge and attitudes regarding palliative and end-of-life care and to determine potential roles for CRNAs in this growing area of practice