Metabolic differentiation and intercellular nurturing underpin bacterial endospore formation

Despite intensive research, the role of metabolism in bacterial sporulation remains poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that Bacillus subtilis sporulation entails a marked metabolic differentiation of the two cells comprising the sporangium: the forespore, which becomes the dormant spore, and the mother cell, which dies as sporulation completes. Our data provide evidence that metabolic precursor biosynthesis becomes restricted to the mother cell and that the forespore becomes reliant on mother cell–derived metabolites for protein synthesis. We further show that arginine is trafficked between the two cells and that proposed proteinaceous channels mediate small- molecule intercellular transport. Thus, sporulation entails the profound metabolic reprogramming of the forespore, which is depleted of key metabolic enzymes and must import metabolites from the mother cell. Together, our results provide a bacterial example analogous to progeny nurturing

Pengaruh Penggunaan Fly Ash Pada Soil – Cement

Soil cement telah umum digunakan untuk meningkatkan kondisi tanah liat lunak yang mempunyai daya dukung rendah dan penurunan yang besar. Penggunan semen dalam jumlah besar menyebabkan metode ini menjadi mahal. Pada penelitian ini, kadar semen dikurangi dengan penggunaan fly ash dengan kadar tertentu. 8 tangki dengan diameter 46 cm diisi dengan tanah liat lunak setinggi 75 cm, lalu soil cement column dibuat pada tanah liat lunak pada setiap tangki. Pencampuran soil cement dan variasi kadar fly ash menggunakan dua cara yaitu dengan bubuk semen + fly ash (BS) dan semen cair + fly ash (SC). Untuk kadar fly ash yang diteliti adalah 10%, 15%, 20%, dan 25% dari berat semen. Sampel dari tiap campuran soil cement dilakukan pengetesan UC test dan CBR test. Hasil UC test pada sampel 28 hari, untuk campuran BS dengan kadar 10%, 15%, 20%, dan 25% mencapai kekuatan sebesar 20.8, 14.3, 22.8, dan 17.3 (kg/cm2), sedangkan campuran SC mencapai kekuatan sebesar 15.9, 12.71, 10.83, dan 17.3 (kg/cm2). Selanjutnya nilai CBR dengan kadar fly ash 10%, 15%, 20%, dan 25% menghasilkan nilai sebesar 72.5%, 55.4%, 60.7%, dan 44.3% untuk BS, dan 52.3%, 53.9%, 60.7%, dan 42.7% untuk SC

The environment effect on operation of in-vessel mirrors for plasma diagnostics in fusion devices

First mirrors will be the plasma facing components of optical diagnostic systems in ITER. Mirror surfaces will undergo modification caused by erosion and re-deposition processes [1,2]. As a consequence, the mirror performance may be changed and may deteriorate [3,4]. In the divertor region it may also be obscured by deposition [5-7]. The limited access to in-vessel components of ITER calls for testing the mirror materials in present day devices in order to gather information on the material damage and degradation of the mirror performance, i.e. reflectivity. A dedicated experimental programme, First Mirror Test (FMT), has been initiated at the JET tokamak within the framework Tritium Retention Studies (TRS).Comment: 12th International Congress on Plasma Physics, 25-29 October 2004, Nice (France).Submitted by B. Schunke on behalf of V. Voytseny

Pengaruh Kadar Semen Terhadap Soil Cement Column Pada Tanah Margomulyo - Surabaya

Aplikasi dari soil cement column untuk meningkatkan kekuatan tanah lunak menjadi tanah yang memiliki daya dukung yang tinggi diteliti dalam penelitian ini untuk mengetahui peningkatan kekuatan tanah lunak tersebut dengan waktu setelah dicampur dengan semen dengan kadar yang bervariasi dalam sebuah model test.12 kontainer berupa drum dengan diameter 46cm dan tinggi 80cm berisi tanah lunak Margomulyo digunakan dalam penelitian ini untuk membuat soil cement column. Bubuk semen, cement slurry, dan subtitusi bubuk semen dengan flyash sebanyak 15% digunakan dalam pembuatan soil cement colum berdiameter 300mm.Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa penambahan flyash sebanyak 15% terhadap penggunaan bubuk semen dengan kadar sama ternyata menunjukkan kekuatan campuran menjadi lebih tinggi yaitu 31 kg/cm2.Untuk campuran Semen slurry dengan kadar 35% menghasilkan kekuatan sebesar 33 kg/cm2 setelah 28 hari. Sedangkan,penggunaan bubuk semen dengan kadar 35% hanya menghasilkan kekuatan sebesar 18 kg/cm2

Hypersensitive Response-Like Reaction Is Associated with Hybrid Necrosis in Interspecific Crosses between Tetraploid Wheat and Aegilops tauschii Coss

BACKGROUND: Hybrid speciation is classified into homoploid and polyploid based on ploidy level. Common wheat is an allohexaploid species that originated from a naturally occurring interploidy cross between tetraploid wheat and diploid wild wheat Aegilops tauschii Coss. Aegilops tauschii provides wide naturally occurring genetic variation. Sometimes its triploid hybrids with tetraploid wheat show the following four types of hybrid growth abnormalities: types II and III hybrid necrosis, hybrid chlorosis, and severe growth abortion. The growth abnormalities in the triploid hybrids could act as postzygotic hybridization barriers to prevent formation of hexaploid wheat. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Here, we report on the geographical and phylogenetic distribution of Ae. tauschii accessions inducing the hybrid growth abnormalities and showed that they are widely distributed across growth habitats in Ae. tauschii. Molecular and cytological characterization of the type III necrosis phenotype was performed. The hybrid abnormality causing accessions were widely distributed across growth habitats in Ae. tauschii. Transcriptome analysis showed that a number of defense-related genes such as pathogenesis-related genes were highly up-regulated in the type III necrosis lines. Transmission electron microscope observation revealed that cell death occurred accompanied by generation of reactive oxygen species in leaves undergoing type III necrosis. The reduction of photosynthetic activity occurred prior to the appearance of necrotic symptoms on the leaves exhibiting hybrid necrosis. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Taking these results together strongly suggests that an autoimmune response might be triggered by intergenomic incompatibility between the tetraploid wheat and Ae. tauschii genomes in type III necrosis, and that genetically programmed cell death could be regarded as a hypersensitive response-like cell death similar to that observed in Arabidopsis intraspecific and Nicotiana interspecific hybrids. Only Ae. tauschii accessions without such inhibiting factors could be candidates for the D-genome donor for the present hexaploid wheat

Cardiovascular magnetic resonance findings in a case of Danon disease

Danon disease is a rare X-linked dominant lysosomal glycogen storage disease that can lead to severe ventricular hypertrophy and heart failure. We report a case of Danon disease with cardiac involvement evaluated with cardiovascular magnetic resonance, including late gadolinium enhancement and perfusion studies

ATR阻害は非相同末端結合および相同組換え修復と非依存的に5-FUを増感する

The anticancer agent 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) is cytotoxic and often used to treat various cancers. 5-FU is thought to inhibit the enzyme thymidylate synthase, which plays a role in nucleotide synthesis and has been found to induce single- and double-strand DNA breaks. ATR Ser/Thr kinase (ATR) is a principal kinase in the DNA damage response and is activated in response to UV- and chemotherapeutic drug-induced DNA replication stress, but its role in cellular responses to 5-FU is unclear. In this study, we examined the effect of ATR inhibition on 5-FU sensitivity of mammalian cells. Using immunoblotting, we found that 5-FU treatment dose-dependently induced the phosphorylation of ATR at the autophosphorylation site Thr-1989 and thereby activated its kinase. Administration of 5-FU with a specific ATR inhibitor remarkably decreased cell survival, compared with 5-FU treatment combined with other major DNA repair kinase inhibitors. Of note, the ATR inhibition enhanced induction of DNA double-strand breaks and apoptosis in 5-FU-treated cells. Using gene expression analysis, we found that 5-FU induced the activation of the intra-S cell-cycle checkpoint. Cells lacking BRCA2 were sensitive to 5-FU in the presence of ATR inhibitor. Moreover, ATR inhibition enhanced the efficacy of the 5-FU treatment, independently of the nonhomologous end-joining and homologous recombination repair pathways. These findings suggest that ATR could be a potential therapeutic target in 5-FU-based chemotherapy.博士（医学）・甲第791号・令和3年3月15日© 2020 Ito et al. Published under exclusive license by The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.This is an Open Access article under the CC BY license(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

27ヒドロキシコレステロールはエストロゲン受容体を介してヒトSLC22A12の発現を制御する

The excretion and reabsorption of uric acid both to and from urine are tightly regulated by uric acid transporters. Metabolic syndrome conditions, such as obesity, hypercholesterolemia, and insulin resistance, are believed to regulate the expression of uric acid transporters and decrease the excretion of uric acid. However, the mechanisms driving cholesterol impacts on uric acid transporters have been unknown. Here, we show that cholesterol metabolite 27-hydroxycholesterol (27HC) upregulates the uric acid reabsorption transporter URAT1 encoded by SLC22A12 via estrogen receptors (ER). Transcriptional motif analysis showed that the SLC22A12 gene promoter has more estrogen response elements (EREs) than other uric acid reabsorption transporters such as SLC22A11 and SLC22A13, and 27HC-activated SLC22A12 gene promoter via ER through EREs. Furthermore, 27HC increased SLC22A12 gene expression in human kidney organoids. Our results suggest that in hypercholesterolemic conditions, elevated levels of 27HC derived from cholesterol induce URAT1/SLC22A12 expression to increase uric acid reabsorption, and thereby, could increase serum uric acid levels.博士（医学）・甲第772号・令和3年3月15日© 2020 The Authors. The FASEB Journal published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes