The social biography of antibiotic use in smallholder dairy farms in India

Background Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has been identified as one of the major threats to global health, food security and development today. While there has been considerable attention about the use and misuse of antibiotics amongst human populations in both research and policy environments, there is no definitive estimate of the extent of misuse of antibiotics in the veterinary sector and its contribution to AMR in humans. In this study, we explored the drivers ofirrational usage of verterinary antibiotics in the dairy farming sector in peri-urban India. Methods and materials The study was conducted in the peri-urban belts of Ludhiana, Guwahati and Bangalore. A total of 54 interviews (formal and non-formal) were carried out across these three sites. Theme guides were developed to explore different drivers of veterinary antimicrobial use. Data was audio recorded and transcribed. Analysis of the coded data set was carried out using AtlasTi. Version 7. Themes emerged inductively from the set of codes. Results Findings were presented based on concept of ‘levels of analyses’. Emergent themes were categorised as individual, health systems, and policy level drivers. Low level of knowledge related to antibiotics among farmers, active informal service providers, direct marketing of drugs to the farmers and easily available antibiotics, dispensed without appropriate prescriptions contributed to easy access to antibiotics, and were identified to be the possible drivers contributing to the non-prescribed and self-administered use of antibiotics in the dairy farms. Conclusions Smallholding dairy farmers operated within very small margins of profits. The paucity of formal veterinary services at the community level, coupled with easy availability of antibiotics and the need to ensure profits and minimise losses, promoted non-prescribed antibiotic consumption. It is essential that these local drivers of irrational antibiotic use are understood in order to develop interventions and policies that seek to reduce antibiotic misuse

Comparison and Consensus Guidelines for Delineation of Clinical Target Volume for CT- and MR-Based Brachytherapy in Locally Advanced Cervical Cancer

To create and compare consensus clinical target volume (CTV) contours for computed tomography (CT) and 3 Tesla (3T) magnetic resonance (MR) image-based cervical-cancer brachytherap

Performance of Crdi Diesel Engine Powered with Pyrolysis Oil Under the Influence of Exhaust Gas Recirculation.

This paper investigates the performance of Common rail Direct Injection (CRDI) diesel engine operated with blends of tyre pyrolysis oil (TPO) with diesel and ethanol under the influence of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). The experiments were carried outat a rail pressure of 900 bar with 10obTDC and at constant speed of 1500 rpm. The EGR varied in 15%, 20% and 25%. With obtained result were made comparison without EGR. It was found slight lower in BTE. NOx was reduced up to 09% for EGR of 15%. Beyond 15% of EGR, BTE showed poor performance and emissions HC and CO were increased

Waste Oil as an Alternative Fuels for Future –A Review

The financial growth of the country is measured by efficient use of natural resources especially fuel. Fossil fuels have played a dominant role in the rapid industrialization of the world and thereby increased and improved quality of life. However, due to the threat of supply crunch ever rising prices and the effect of green house gases caused by conventional fuels there is an urgent need to explore the possibility of using waste oils (tire process oil) as alternative fuels to reduce the pollution and to increase the energy self-reliance of the country. The study aims to review the alternative fuels for diesel engine for future. It was found that the properties of the TPO are almost same as that of pure diesel oil

Synthsis of hemin and porphyrin derivatives and their evaluation for anticancer activity

113-119N, Ethylaminoadenosine, histamine, 2-amino-2-thiazoline, 4-aminoantipyrine, sulphathiazole and a number of 3,4-diaryl-2-iminothiazolines are coupled with hemin to give bis coupled products 3a, 3b, 3c, 3d, 3e and 3f-m, respectively. Mono coupling of 2-amino-2-thiazoline with hemin gives isomeric mixture of mono coupled product 4. Deuteroporphyrin IX dicarboxylic acid is coupled with 2-amino-2-thiazoline to give bis coupled product 6 which on treatment with MnCl2,4H2O gives compound 7. Compounds 3a-m and 4 have been screened for anticancer activity against a small panel of six cancer cell lines consisting of prostate tumour (DU 145, PC3), colon carcinoma (HT29 or SW620), melanoma (SK-MEL-5, LOX), breast cancer (MCF 7 and adriamycin resistant MCF 7), CNS (U251) and ovarian cancer (IGROV1). Best GI50 (concentration which inhibits the cell growth by 50%), values are shown by 3f, 6.3μM (prostate tumour, cell line DU 145); 3f, 6.1 μM (colon tumor, cell line HT29); 4, 2.09 μM (colon tumor, cell line SW620); 3f, 2.2 μM (melanoma tumor, cell line LOX); 3i, 4.4μM (breast tumor, cell line MCF7/ADR); 3j, 2.68μM (ovarian tumor, cell line IGROV1) and 3g, 1.25μM (CNS tumor, cell line U 251) respectively