The Urgency of Pancasila Values in the Implementation of Humane Public Policy in the Environmental Sector

Developments in the industrial world have resulted in a paradigm shift in environmental management, resulting in environmental policies leaving far from ecological identity in every product produced. This article using the juridical empiricism method aims to discuss the urgency of Pancasila values in the implementation of humanist public policies in the environmental sector. Based on the studies conducted, it is known that changes in the world order due to technological and cultural advances have resulted in the degradation of the human paradigm in terms of environmental management. The degradation of this environmental management paradigm has left far the aspects of ecological needs for the environment. In short, this can be said to have released the human dimension in viewing the use of the environment which is obsessed with industrial profits alone. Pancasila through its balance teaching mandates that legal policies related to environmental management return to its soul, namely ecological awareness. The position of Pancasila is important because every value contained in the Five Pancasila Precepts is basically an accumulation of values of equality and values of balance. Operationally the values of Pancasila require recognition and protection for physical and spiritual needs related to the dimensions of social life as well as the human dimension as individuals, especially in terms of environmental policy issues

Bacteria as Self-Healing Agent in Mortar Cracks

This study was aimed at finding the possibility to apply Bacillus subtilis integrated into mortar matrix to act as a self-healing agent to seal cracks. Bacterial spores at concentrations of 104, 105, and 106 cells/ml were directly added into pulverized fly ash as medium to protect bacteria in high alkaline conditions. The results show that the addition of Bacillus subtilis spores into the mortar mixture enhanced the compressive strength, especially at a cell concentration of 105 cells/ml. The bacterial mortar had a small ability to recover the stiffness of the mortar, amounting to 34.85% of its original stiffness. The effectiveness of crack sealant and resistance to water flow were limited to a maximum crack width size of 0.22 mm. Physical observation showed that the bacterial mortar is characterized by calcite precipitation as a product of ureolytic bacteria. The quantity and distribution of calcite precipitate depended on the precipitation weight, gravity direction and oxygen availability. Meanwhile, chemical analysis using XRD and EDX showed that the bacterial mortar had a better crystallinity

Investigation Characteristics of Pulp Fibers as Green Potential Polymer Reinforcing Agents

Three kinds of pulp fiber (i.e. kenaf, pineapple and coconut fiber)were characterized as reinforcing agents in compositematerials to be applied at automotive interior industry.Abetter understanding on characteristics of fiber will lead to enhance interface adhesion between fiber and matrices. Furthermore, it will improve the properties of polymer significantly. Chemical, surface compositions as well as morphology of pulp fiber were investigated using TAPPI standard test method, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) and optical microscopy, respectively. Further observation on morphology of the fiber was conducted by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). From this study, pineapple pulps showed the highest α-cellulose content than that of kenaf or coconut pulps. However, it has the lowest hemicellulose content among them. This condition takes responsibility for the difficulties of pineapple pulps defibrillation process. Much fines or external fibrillations are presence on both kenaf and pineapple pulp's morphology, but it is not presence in the coconut pulps.Moreover, coconut fiber is shorter than the other two fibers with diameter size estimated in the order pineapple < kenaf < coconut pulps. FT-IR analysis shown quite similar absorption fromall pulps, except for coconut pulps due to the remaining lignin on the surface of fiber that showed by the presence of C-O phenol stretching at 1280 cm-1. Finally, it is reported that kenaf pulps fiber is suitable candidate for polymer reinforcing agents compared to pineapple and coconut pulps fiber

UTILIZATION OF MICRO SISAL FIBERS AS REINFORCEMENT AGENT AND POLYPROPYLENE OR POLYLACTIC ACID AS POLYMER MATRICES IN BIOCOMPOSITES MANUFACTURE

Sisal (Agave sisalana) as a perennial tropical plant grows abundantly in Indonesia. Its fibers can be used as the reinforcement agent of biocomposite products. Utilization of sisal as natural fiber has some notable benefits compared to synthetic fibers, such as renewable, light in weight, and low in cost. Manufacture of biocomposite requires the use of matrix such as thermoplastic polymer, e.g. polypropylene (PP) and polylactic acid (PLA) to bond together with the reinforcement agent (e.g. sisal fibers). In relevant, experiment was conducted on biocomposites manufacture that comprised sisal fibers and PP as well as PLA. Sisal fibers were converted into pulp, then refined to micro-size fibrillated fibers such that their diameter reduced to about 10 μm, and dried in an oven. The dry microfibrillated sisal pulp fibers cellulose (MSFC) were thoroughly mixed with either PP or PLA with varying ratios of MSFC/PP as well as MSFC/PLA, and then shaped into the mat (i.e. MSFC-PP and MSFC-PLA biocomposites). Two kinds of shaping was employed, i.e. hot-press molding and injection molding. In the hot-press molding, the ratio of MSFC/PP as well as MSFC/PLA ranged about 30/70-50/50. Meanwhile in the injection (employed only on assembling the MSFC-PLA biocomposite), the ratio of MSFC/PLA varied about 10/90-30/70. The resulting shaped MSFC-PP and MSFC-PLA biocomposites were then tested of its physical and mechanical properties. With the hot-press molding device, the physical and mechanical (strength) properties of MSFC-PLA biocomposite were higher than those of MSFC-PP biocomposite. The optimum ratio of MSFC/PP as well as MSFC/PLA reached concurrently at 40/60. The strengths of MSFC-PP as well as MSFC-PLA biocomposites were greater than those of individual polymer (PP and PLA). With the injection molding device, only the MSFC-PLA biocomposite was formed and its strengths reached maximum at 30/70 ratio. The particular strengths (MOR and MOE) of MSFC-PLA biocomposite shaped with injection molding were lower than those with hot-press molding, both at 30/70 ratio. The overall MOR of such MSFC- PLA biocomposite was lower than that of pure PLA, while its MOE was still mostly higher

INVESTIGATION CHARACTERISTICS OF PULP FIBERS AS GREEN POTENTIAL POLYMER REINFORCING AGENTS

INVESTIGATION CHARACTERISTICS OF PULP FIBERS AS GREEN POTENTIAL POLYMER REINFORCING AGENTS. Three kinds of pulp fiber (i.e. kenaf, pineapple and coconut fiber)were characterized as reinforcing agents in compositematerials to be applied at automotive interior industry.Abetter understanding on characteristics of fiber will lead to enhance interface adhesion between fiber and matrices. Furthermore, it will improve the properties of polymer significantly. Chemical, surface compositions as well as morphology of pulp fiber were investigated using TAPPI standard test method, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) and optical microscopy, respectively. Further observation on morphology of the fiber was conducted by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). From this study, pineapple pulps showed the highest α-cellulose content than that of kenaf or coconut pulps. However, it has the lowest hemicellulose content among them. This condition takes responsibility for the difficulties of pineapple pulps defibrillation process.Much fines or external fibrillations are presence on both kenaf and pineapple pulp’s morphology, but it is not presence in the coconut pulps.Moreover, coconut fiber is shorter than the other two fibers with diameter size estimated in the order pineapple < kenaf < coconut pulps. FT-IR analysis shown quite similar absorption fromall pulps, except for coconut pulps due to the remaining lignin on the surface of fiber that showed by the presence of C-O phenol stretching at 1280 cm-1. Finally, it is reported that kenaf pulps fiber is suitable candidate for polymer reinforcing agents compared to pineapple and coconut pulps fiber

PENGARUH MODEL PEMBELAJARAN KOOPERATIF JIGSAW DAN STAD (STUDENT TEAMS ACHIEVEMENTS DIVISION) TERHADAP PRESTASI BELAJAR IPA DITINJAU DARI MOTIVASI BELAJAR SISWA KELAS VIII SEKOLAH MENENGAH PERTAMA NEGERI SE WILAYAH NGAWI TIMUR

Subyakto. S810108222. Pengaruh Model Pembelajaran Kooperatif Jigsaw dan STAD (Student Teams Achievements Division)Terhadap Prestasi Belajar IPA Di Tinjau Dari Motivasi Belajar Siswa Kelas VIII SMP Negeri Se Wilayah Ngawi. Tesis : Program Pascasarjana Universitas Sebelas Maret Surakarta, 2009. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui : (1) Perbedaan pengaruh antara penggunaan model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe Jigsaw dan STAD (Students Team Achievement Divisions) terhadap prestasi belajar IPA; (2) Perbedaan pengaruh antara motivasi belajar tinggi dan motivasi belajar rendah terhadap prestasi belajar IPA; (3) Interaksi pengaruh antara penggunaan model pembelajaran Jigsaw dan motivasi belajar terhadap prestasi belajar IPA.. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kuantitatif dengan pendekatan eksperimen dengan rancangan factorial 2 x 2 dan penyajian data secara deskreptif analisis. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah siswa Kelas VIII SMP Negeri se wilayah Ngawi Timur. Teknik pengambilan sampling menggunakan teknik cluster random sampling. Dalam penelitian ini yang menjadi sampel penelitian adalah siswasiswi kelas VIII SMP Negeri 1Pangkur dan SMP Negeri 1 Kasreman , setiap kelas ada 40 siswa yang di gunakan sebagai kelas kontrol dan satu kelas untuk kelas eksperimen berjumlah 40 siswa. Sedangkan teknik pengumpulan datanya menggunakan teknik angket dan tes. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan Teknik Analisis Varians (ANAVA) Dua Jalur. Sebelum dilakukan analisis, dilakukan uji validitas dengan korelasi Product Moment dan reliabilitas menggunakan Point Biserial.. Hasil uji hipotesis menunjukkan : (1) Terdapat perbedaan pengaruh antara penggunaan model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe Jigsaw dengan model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe STAD terhadap prestasi belajar IPA. Model pembelajaran kooperatif Jigsaw menghasilkan prestasii belajar IPA yang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan model pembelajaran kooperatif STAD. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa prestasi belajar IPA22 yang diajar dengan model pembelajaran Jigsaw lebih baik daripada STAD. Hal ini dibuktikan dari harga Fhitung=10,72 > Ftabel(α=0,05) = 4,00; (2) Terdapat perbedaan pengaruh antara siswa yang memiliki motivasi berprestasi tinggi dengan siswa yang memiliki motivasi berprestasi rendah terhadap prestasi belajar IPA. Dengan demikian dapat disimpulkan terdapat perbedaan rata-rata antara motivasi berprestasi tinggi dan rendah. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa skor prestasi belajar IPA yang memiliki motivasi belajar tinggi lebih baik dari pada siswa yang memiliki motivasi belajari rendah. Hal ini dibuktikan dari hasil pengujian diperoleh Fhitung =9,02 > Ftabel(α=0,05) = 4,00; (3) Tidak terdapat interaksi pengaruh antara penggunaan model pembelajaran Jigsaw dan motivasi belajari terhadap prestasi belajar IPA. Hal ini dibuktikan dari hasil pengujian diperoleh Fhitung 1,09. Adapun Ftabel diketahui sebesar 4,00. Karena Fhitung lebih kecil dari F tabel, maka hipotesis nol diterima. Hal ini berarti tidak terdapat interaksi antara pengaruh penggunaan model pembelajaran Jigsaw dan motivasi belajari terhadap prestasii belajar IPA. Temuan dalam penelitian ini dapat memperkuat teori-teori pembelajaran kooperatif khususnya dengan penggunaan model pembelajaran tipe Jigsaw dan teori- teori mengenai motivasi belajar. Selanjutnya dengan penerapan model pembelajaran tipe Jigsaw dan motivasi belajar, maka guru diharapkan : (1) Memiliki ketrampilan dalam penggunaan model pembelajaran sebagai upaya peningkatan kualitas pembelajaran. (2) Memiliki ketrampilan untuk menumbuhkan motivasi belajar secara aktif

AZAS ULTIMUM REMEDIUM ATAUKAH AZAS PRIMUM REMEDIUM YANG DIANUT DALAM PENEGAKAN HUKUM PIDANA PADA TINDAK PIDANA LINGKUNGAN HIDUP PADA UU NOMOR 32 TAHUN 2009 TENTANG PERLINDUNGAN DAN PENGELOLAAN LINGKUNGAN HIDUP

Criminal law enforcement in cracking down on the provisions of environmental protection and environmental protection law (Law No. 32 of 2009) is not the only means of enforcing environmental law. In addition to criminal sanctions stipulated in Law no. 32 of 2009 on UUPPLH there are still other sanctions for individuals and corporations that violate the provisions in the protection and management of the environment.The principle of ultimum remedium is the principle of criminal law, in which criminal punishment or punishment is an alternative or last resort in law enforcement including law enforcement in the field of living environment, while primum remedium is the opposite of ultimum remedium where criminal law enforcement through criminal sanction in the form of imposition of suffering against a person As well as corporations are preferred in law enforcement including enforcement of environmental law.Law No. 32 of 2009 on Environmental Protection and Management in enforcing its criminal provisions emphasizes the application of premature remedium principles in enforcingenvironmental criminal law

Utilization of Micro Sisal Fibers as Reinforcement Agent and Polypropylene or Polylactic Acid as Polymer Matrices in Biocomposites Manufacture

Sisal (Agave sisalana) as a perennial tropical plant grows abundantly in Indonesia. Its fibers can be used as the reinforcement agent of biocomposite products. Utilization of sisal as natural fiber has some notable benefits compared to synthetic fibers, such as renewable, light in weight, and low in cost. Manufacture of biocomposite requires the use of matrix such as thermoplastic polymer, e.g. polypropylene (PP) and polylactic acid (PLA) to bond together with the reinforcement agent (e.g. sisal fibers). In relevant, experiment was conducted on biocomposites manufacture that comprised sisal fibers and PP as well as PLA. Sisal fibers were converted into pulp, then refined to micro-size fibrillated fibers such that their diameter reduced to about 10 μm, and dried in an oven. The dry microfibrillated sisal pulp fibers cellulose (MSFC) were thoroughly mixed with either PP or PLA with varying ratios of MSFC/PP as well as MSFC/PLA, and then shaped into the mat (i.e. MSFC-PP and MSFC-PLA biocomposites). Two kinds of shaping was employed, i.e. hot-press molding and injection molding. In the hot-press molding, the ratio of MSFC/PP as well as MSFC/PLA ranged about 30/70-50/50. Meanwhile in the injection (employed only on assembling the MSFC-PLA biocomposite), the ratio of MSFC/PLA varied about 10/90-30/70. The resulting shaped MSFC-PP and MSFC-PLA biocomposites were then tested of its physical and mechanical properties. With the hot-press molding device, the physical and mechanical (strength) properties of MSFC-PLA biocomposite were higher than those of MSFC-PP biocomposite. The optimum ratio of MSFC/PP as well as MSFC/PLA reached concurrently at 40/60. The strengths of MSFC-PP as well as MSFC-PLA biocomposites were greater than those of individual polymer (PP and PLA). With the injection molding device, only the MSFC-PLA biocomposite was formed and its strengths reached maximum at 30/70 ratio. The particular strengths (MOR and MOE) of MSFC-PLA biocomposite shaped with injection molding were lower than those with hot-press molding, both at 30/70 ratio. The overall MOR of such MSFC- PLA biocomposite was lower than that of pure PLA, while its MOE was still mostly higher

PENGARUH JENIS KANVAS REM DAN PEMBEBANAN PEDAL TERHADAP PUTARAN OUTPUT RODA DAN LAJU KEAUSAN KANVAS REM PADA SEPEDA MOTOR

Perkembangan dunia otomotif khususnya kendaraan roda dua kini semakin gencar. Pada setiap kendaraan bermotor kemampuan sistem pengereman menjadi suatu yang penting karena mempengaruhi keselamatan berkendara. Semakin tinggi kemampuan kendaraan tersebut melaju maka semakin tinggi pula tuntutan kemampuan sistem rem yang lebih handal dan optimal untuk menghentikan atau memperlambat laju kendaraan. Sistem rem yang baik adalah sistem rem yang jika dilakukan pengereman baik dalam kondisi apapun pengemudi tetap dapat mengendalikan arah dari laju kendaraannya. Rumusan masalahnya yaitu pengaruh jenis kualitas berbagai kanvas rem dan pembebanannya terhadap putaran output roda dan laju keausan kanvas rem pada sepeda motor. Rem tromol merupakan sistem rem yang telah menjadi metode pengereman standar yang digunakan sepeda motor kapasitas kecil pada beberapa tahun belakangan ini. Alasannya adalah karena rem tromol sederhana dan murah, sedangkan rem cakram dioperasikan secara hidrolis dengan memakai tekanan cairan. Pada rem cakram, putaran roda dikurangi atau dihentikan dengan cara penjepitan cakram (disc) oleh dua bilah sepatu rem (brake pads). Rem cakram mempunyai sebuah plat disc (plat piringan) yang terbuat dari stainless steel yang akan berputar bersamaan dengan roda. Pada saat rem digunakan plat disc tercekam dengan gaya bantalan piston yang bekerja sacara hidrolik. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Laboratorium Otomotif Fakultas Teknik Jurusan Teknik Mesin Universitas Widyagama Malang, variabel bebas dalam penelitian ini putaran roda input, waktu pengereman, jenis kanvas, pembebanan pedal dan variable bebas meliputi putaran roda output, temperatur, keausan kanvas. Hasil penelitian dapat diketahui bahwa untuk penggunaan kanvas rem cakram original dan kanvas rem tromol original mempunyai temperatur yang lebih rendah/dingin dibandingkan dengan kanvas rem cakram chemco dan aspira serta kanvas rem tromol TM dan Federal terhadap beban pengereman 0,2 kg, 0,3 kg dan 0,4 kg dengan waktu pengereman 120 detik. Dari penelitian yang telah dilaksanakan memberikan kesimpulan bahwa tingkat kemampuan kanvas rem cakram dan tromol original mempunyai tingkat ketahanan panas yang lebih baik dibandingkan jenis lainnya, untuk laju keausan rem cakram original sebesar 2,17 x 10-6 kg/mm2.detik dan tromol original 2,31 x 10-6 kg/mm2.detik, rem original mempunyai kenaikan temperatur dan laju keausan yang lebih sedikit dengan reduksi putaran roda tertinggi Rem original mempunyai kenaikan temperatur dan laju keausan yang lebih sedikit dengan reduksi putaran roda tertinggi. Kata kunci : rem tromol, disc break, kanvas rem, temperatur, laju keausan

Optimasi Rendemen Fibroin Ulat Sutera Bombyx Mori L. Dan Attacus Atlas L. Dengan Response Surface Methodology

Ekstraksi fibroin dilakukan dengan perlakuan suhu dan waktu tanpa diketahui maksimal atau tidaknya capaian rendemen yang dihasilkan. Padahal data tersebut sangat penting untuk estimasi profitabilitas pada USAha hilir ulat sutera. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan formulasi ekstraksi (degumming) yang menghasilkan rendemen fibroin optimum. Metode yang digunakan adalah optimasi ekstraksi fibroin menggunakan Program Response Surface Methodology (RSM) dengan tiga variabel bebas, konsentrasi NaOH, suhu dan waktu. Variabel tersebut diformulasikan dalam rancangan percobaan Central Composite Design (CCD) di Program RSM menggunakan titik pusat NaOH 0,1 N, suhu 105 °C selama 30 menit. Pada rancangan percobaan tersebut, rendemen bobot fibroin (%) digunakan sebagai respon (variabel terikat) untuk menghasilkan kondisi optimum. Kondisi tersebut berupa formulasi variabel bebas yang mengoptimumkan rendemen fibroin. Kondisi optimum Bombyx mori dicapai pada konsentrasi NaOH 0,018 N, suhu 110,53 °C dan waktu 55,51 menit pada satu kali degumming dengan perolehan rendemen fibroin sebesar 71,11 ± 0,98 %. Rendemen fibroin optimum sebesar 83,06 ± 1,50 % pada Attacus atlas dihasilkan dari kondisi optimum NaOH 0,12 N, suhu 79 °C selama 42,65 menit pada dua kali degumming. Metode ekstraksi fibroin yang tepat akan menghasilkan rendemen fibroin yang optimum