Sostenibilidad de la pesca artesanal del perico (Coryphaena hippurus): El caso de las cooperativas pesqueras en el Perú

La pesca artesanal en el Perú fue uno de los sectores económicos con mayor crecimiento durante el periodo 2000-2012. Sin embargo, este crecimiento no está basado en la generación de un mayor valor agregado a lo largo de las cadenas de valor. Uno de los recursos claves para la pesca artesanal es el perico, siendo de los productos pesqueros peruanos de mayor exportación y el pez estacional que más abunda en los meses de verano. Es a partir del año 2001, que empieza su auge con mayores capturas en los años 2008 y 2015 con una captura anual promedio de 52 mil toneladas. No obstante, la mayoría de esta pesca es informal pues estos pescadores no cuentan con permisos de pesca afectando la trazabilidad de la cadena de valor del perico. Estos pescadores no gozan de beneficios sociales, y dependen de los intermediarios. Por ende, las cooperativas pesqueras aparecen como una alternativa para gestionar su formalización lo que pueda contribuir a la pesca sostenible del recurso. Una buena gobernanza establecida en base a un modelo cooperativo, se puede presentar como un incentivo económico que garantice la pesca sostenible del perico. En las caletas de La Islilla y La Tortuga de la provincia de Paita, Piura, existen dos cooperativas pesqueras recientemente formadas mediante un programa piloto del gobierno. El objetivo de este estudio es determinar si estas cooperativas son un modelo de incentivo de pesca sostenible de perico. Para esto, se entrevistaron a 22 socios de la cooperativa de La Tortuga, 23 socios de la cooperativa de La Islilla, 19 socios de la asociación APAMARPA y 4 actores clave involucrados. Se encuentra que estas cooperativas tienen un déficit organizacional sin un mercado justo, así como una desarticulación con los agentes de gobierno. En conclusión, es necesario continuar el fortalecimiento de capacidades de estas nuevas formas de gobernanza para una pesca sostenible del recurso.Artisanal fishing in Peru was one of the economic sectors with the highest growth during the period 2000-2012. However, this growth is not based on the generation of greater added value along the value chains. One of the key resources for artisanal fishing is the Peruvian mahi mahi, being the Peruvian fishery product of greater export and the seasonal fish that is most abundant in summer. It is from 2001, which begins its boom with higher catches in 2008 and 2015 with an average annual catch of 52 thousand tons. Nevertheless, most of this fishing is informal because these fishermen do not have fishing permits or expired, affecting the traceability of the Peruvian mahi mahi value chain. These fishermen do not enjoy social benefits, and depend on intermediaries. Therefore, fishing cooperatives appear as a complementary alternative to manage the sustainable fishing of the resource. With good governance established in a cooperative model, it can be presented as an economic incentive that guarantees the sustainable fishing of the parakeet. In the coves of La Islilla and La Tortuga in the province of Paita, Piura, there are two fishing cooperatives recently formed through a government Pilot Program. The objective of this study was to determine if these cooperatives are an incentive model for sustainable parakeet fishing. For this, 22 members of the La Tortuga cooperative, 23 members of the La Islilla cooperative, 19 members of the APAMARPA association and 4 key stakeholders involved were interviewed. It is found that these cooperatives have an organizational deficit without a fair market, as well as a disarticulation with government agents. In conclusion, it is necessary to continue empowering these new way of governance for mahi-mahi sustainable fishingTesi

Resultados preliminares de valores gematológicos en una población silvestre de Spheniscus humboldti en el sur de Perú

The objective of this report was to present data on the hematological profile of the Humboldt penguin (Spheniscus humboldti) in Punta Coles, Peru. Values of hematocrit, white blood cell count and leukocyte formula were determined in four individuals. Blood samples (5 ml) were extracted by jugular puncture. The results were: hematocrit 44.5 ± 4.12%, white blood cell count 17.25 ± 4.57x10³/μl, heterophiles 9.85 ± 1.91x10³/μl, lymphocytes 3.7 ± 0.51x10³/μl, monocytes 1.52 ± 0.99x10³/μl, eosinophils 1.3 ± 0.51x10³/μl. The lymphocytes showed lower values than other wild and captive populations of S. humboldti.El objetivo de este reporte fue presentar datos sobre el perfil hematológico del pingüino de Humboldt (Spheniscus humboldti) en Punta Coles, Perú. Se realizaron evaluaciones sanitarias en las que se establecieron valores de hematocrito, recuento de leucocitos y fórmula leucocitaria en cuatro individuos. La sangre (5 ml) se extrajo mediante punción yugular. Los resultaron fueron: hematocrito 44.5±4.12%, recuento de glóbulos blancos 17.25±4.57x10³/μl, heterófilos 9.85±1.91x10³/μl, linfocitos 3.7±0.51x10³/μl, monocitos 1.52±0.99x10³/μl y eosinófilos 1.3±0.51x10³/μl. Los linfocitos presentaron valores más bajos que otras poblaciones silvestres y en cautiverio de S. humboldti

Detection of antimicrobial-resistant enterobacteria in insectivorous bats from Chile

Enterobacterales of clinical importance for humans and domestic animals are now commonly detected among wildlife worldwide. However, few studies have investigated their prevalence among bats, particularly in bat species living near humans. In this study, we assessed the occurrence of Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing (ESBL) and carbapenemase-resistant (CR) Enterobacterales in rectal swabs of bats submitted to the Chilean national rabies surveillance program from 2021 to 2022. From the 307 swabs screened, 47 (15%) harboured cefotaxime-resistant Enterobacterales. Bats carrying these bacteria originated from 9 out of the 14 Chilean regions. Most positive samples were obtained from Tadarida brasiliensis (n = 42), but also Lasiurus varius, L. cinereus and Histiotus macrotus. No Enterobacterales were resistant to imipenem. All ESBL-Enterobacterales were confirmed as Rahnella aquatilis by MALDI-TOF. No other ESBL or CR Enterobacterales were detected. To our knowledge, this is the first screening of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in wild bats of Chile, showing the bat faecal carriage of R. aquatilis naturally resistant to cephalosporins, but also including acquired resistance to important antibiotics for public health such as amoxicillin with clavulanic acid. Our results suggest unknown selective pressures on R. aquatilis, but low or no carriage of ESBL or CR Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. Future studies should assess the zoonotic and environmental implications of R. aquatilis, which are likely present in the guano left by bats roosting in human infrastructures

Prospective observational cohort study on grading the severity of postoperative complications in global surgery research

Background The Clavien–Dindo classification is perhaps the most widely used approach for reporting postoperative complications in clinical trials. This system classifies complication severity by the treatment provided. However, it is unclear whether the Clavien–Dindo system can be used internationally in studies across differing healthcare systems in high- (HICs) and low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Methods This was a secondary analysis of the International Surgical Outcomes Study (ISOS), a prospective observational cohort study of elective surgery in adults. Data collection occurred over a 7-day period. Severity of complications was graded using Clavien–Dindo and the simpler ISOS grading (mild, moderate or severe, based on guided investigator judgement). Severity grading was compared using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Data are presented as frequencies and ICC values (with 95 per cent c.i.). The analysis was stratified by income status of the country, comparing HICs with LMICs. Results A total of 44 814 patients were recruited from 474 hospitals in 27 countries (19 HICs and 8 LMICs). Some 7508 patients (16·8 per cent) experienced at least one postoperative complication, equivalent to 11 664 complications in total. Using the ISOS classification, 5504 of 11 664 complications (47·2 per cent) were graded as mild, 4244 (36·4 per cent) as moderate and 1916 (16·4 per cent) as severe. Using Clavien–Dindo, 6781 of 11 664 complications (58·1 per cent) were graded as I or II, 1740 (14·9 per cent) as III, 2408 (20·6 per cent) as IV and 735 (6·3 per cent) as V. Agreement between classification systems was poor overall (ICC 0·41, 95 per cent c.i. 0·20 to 0·55), and in LMICs (ICC 0·23, 0·05 to 0·38) and HICs (ICC 0·46, 0·25 to 0·59). Conclusion Caution is recommended when using a treatment approach to grade complications in global surgery studies, as this may introduce bias unintentionally

The surgical safety checklist and patient outcomes after surgery: a prospective observational cohort study, systematic review and meta-analysis

© 2017 British Journal of Anaesthesia Background: The surgical safety checklist is widely used to improve the quality of perioperative care. However, clinicians continue to debate the clinical effectiveness of this tool. Methods: Prospective analysis of data from the International Surgical Outcomes Study (ISOS), an international observational study of elective in-patient surgery, accompanied by a systematic review and meta-analysis of published literature. The exposure was surgical safety checklist use. The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality and the secondary outcome was postoperative complications. In the ISOS cohort, a multivariable multi-level generalized linear model was used to test associations. To further contextualise these findings, we included the results from the ISOS cohort in a meta-analysis. Results are reported as odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals. Results: We included 44 814 patients from 497 hospitals in 27 countries in the ISOS analysis. There were 40 245 (89.8%) patients exposed to the checklist, whilst 7508 (16.8%) sustained ≥1 postoperative complications and 207 (0.5%) died before hospital discharge. Checklist exposure was associated with reduced mortality [odds ratio (OR) 0.49 (0.32–0.77); P\u3c0.01], but no difference in complication rates [OR 1.02 (0.88–1.19); P=0.75]. In a systematic review, we screened 3732 records and identified 11 eligible studies of 453 292 patients including the ISOS cohort. Checklist exposure was associated with both reduced postoperative mortality [OR 0.75 (0.62–0.92); P\u3c0.01; I2=87%] and reduced complication rates [OR 0.73 (0.61–0.88); P\u3c0.01; I2=89%). Conclusions: Patients exposed to a surgical safety checklist experience better postoperative outcomes, but this could simply reflect wider quality of care in hospitals where checklist use is routine

Critical care admission following elective surgery was not associated with survival benefit: prospective analysis of data from 27 countries

This was an investigator initiated study funded by Nestle Health Sciences through an unrestricted research grant, and by a National Institute for Health Research (UK) Professorship held by RP. The study was sponsored by Queen Mary University of London