Solid state television camera system Patent

Solid state television camera system consisting of monolithic semiconductor mosaic sensor and molecular digital readout system

How Doctors and Patients Discuss Routine Clinical Decisions: Informed Decision Making in the Outpatient Setting

OBJECTIVE: To characterize the informed consent process in routine, primary care office practice. DESIGN: Cross-sectional, descriptive evaluation of audiotaped encounters. SETTING: Offices of primary care physicians in Portland, Oregon. PARTICIPANTS: Internists (54%) and family physicians (46%), and their patients. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Audiotapes of primary care office visits from a previous study of doctor-patient communication were coded for the number and type of clinical decisions made. The discussion between doctor and patient was scored according to six criteria for informed decision making: description of the nature of the decision, discussion of alternatives, discussion of risks and benefits, discussion of related uncertainties, assessment of the patient’s understanding and elicitation of the patient’s preference. Discussions leading to decisions included fewer than two of the six described elements of informed decision making (mean 1.23, median 1.0), most frequent of these was description of the nature of the decision (83% of discussion). Discussion of risks and benefits was less frequent (9%), and assessment of understanding was rare (2%). Discussions of management decisions were generally more substantive than discussions of diagnostic decisions (p = .05). CONCLUSIONS: Discussions leading to clinical decisions in these primary care settings did not fulfill the criteria considered integral to informed decision making. Physicians frequently described the nature of the decision, less frequently discussed risks and benefits, and rarely assessed the patient’s understanding of the decision

O direito à informação e a manifestação da autonomia de idosos hospitalizados The right to information and the autonomy of the hospitalized elderly

Partindo-se do pressuposto que a avaliação da qualidade para a organização e o funcionamento dos serviços de saúde não deva estar restrita a variáveis tecnicistas e financeiras, mas que contemple o respeito dos direitos do paciente, procurou-se conhecer e analisar a manifestação da autonomia de idosos hospitalizados, baseada nas informações que possuem sobre seu estado de saúde, através da pesquisa de suas expectativas, compreensão sobre o direito à informação e a utilização deste para a deliberação e o consentimento esclarecido às propostas diagnósticas e terapêuticas envolvidas na assistência à sua saúde. Os resultados evidenciaram carência da informação fornecida ao idoso, manifestação de insatisfação quanto ao padrão de informação revelada, o papel da família como intermediária da informação na relação do idoso com a equipe de saúde e o comprometimento do processo decisório autonômico do paciente bem como comprometimento da manifestação do consentimento esclarecido.<br>It was carried out a study with the aim to analyse the autonomy of hospitalised elderly, based on the comprehension about their rights of information and the informed consent on proposals of diagnosis and terapheutics. The results showed patient's lack of information, dissatisfaction on the degree of information. It was also verified that the patient's family frequently acts as information intermediary between the health team and the patient. Therefore, autonomy process of decision making was compromissed, as well as the informed consent of the elderly