Creation of principles for the implementation of operating systems for high-precision fire equipment

The use of fire extinguishing software is based on the principles of system analysis, when any software is created for specific tasks or adapted to use on existing equipment samples. Therewith, a considerable part of the software cannot be implemented in conditions when the operation of technical means is autonomous or specialised. This includes devices of increased accuracy with the requirement to receive a response with a minimum delay. The originality of the study is conditioned by the fact that the principles of creating software for situations with minimal response require its consolidation with equipment that works on the principles of microcode. Based on the analysis of the current state of analogue-to-digital and functional conversion methods, it is shown that a promising area of research and improvement is the creation of converters on switched capacitors that combine the functions of ATFC, and also have an increased number of input values with high accuracy and speed. The methodological basis for creating new methods for constructing ATFC is a combination of structural and algorithmic principles for improving the accuracy of analogue-to-digital conversion based on the properties of capacitor cells. The practical significance of the study is determined by the possibilities of using hardware microcode as modules for the main software set

HARNESSING PHOTOGRAMMETRY FOR WHITEWATER SLALOM COURSES IN NATURAL RIVERBEDS: AN INNOVATIVE APPROACH FOR COURSE DESIGN AND ANALYSIS

Whitewater slalom, a thrilling and challenging water sport, requires carefully designed courses that provide a dynamic and engaging experience for athletes. Traditional methods of designing slalom courses in natural riverbeds have relied on manual measurements and estimations, which can be time-consuming, labour-intensive, and subject to human error. However, with the advent of photogrammetry, a cutting-edge technology that involves the use of aerial or ground-based cameras to capture and process 3D data from images, there is a new frontier in designing and analysing white water slalom courses.This article explores the usage of photogrammetry in the context of white-water slalom course design in natural riverbeds. It highlights how photogrammetry can revolutionize the course design process by providing accurate and detailed 3D models of the riverbed terrain, which can be used for virtual simulations, rapid prototyping, and precise analysis of different design options. The advantages of using photogrammetry include improved accuracy, efficiency, and cost-effectiveness in comparison to traditional methods.The article concludes by discussing the challenges and limitations of using photogrammetry for whitewater slalom course design, including issues related to data acquisition, processing, and accuracy. Despite these challenges, the potential of photogrammetry in revolutionizing the design and analysis of white-water slalom courses in natural riverbeds is immense, and it opens up exciting opportunities for further research, innovation, and advancement in the field of water sports.</p

On the issue of reducing greenhouse gas emissions from the combustion of organic fuels

Relevance. Russia has ratified the Paris Climate Agreement. However, European legislation is ambiguously aimed at extracting its own benefits in the current international relations, especially during the period of sanctions against Russia. Expectation of introduction of a carbon tax on the products and services of industry organizations requires a comprehensive analysis of the situation in the field of technology and technologies that contribute to reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Aim. Study of approaches and technologies aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions that stimulate the environmentally friendly production of thermal and electrical energy; identification of promising and affordable greenhouse gas condensation technology for domestic energy and features of its application. Object. The list of greenhouse gases was established by the Kyoto Protocol in 1996. The main of greenhouse gases for the energy sector are emissions of carbon dioxide generated by burning fuel in generating heat and electricity. Methods. Analysis of literature data on technologies for utilization of greenhouse gases, the possibilities of its use and reduction of emissions. Analytical calculations were performed to assess the effectiveness of carbon dioxide condensation technology. Results. The authors have carried out the analysis of literature data on regulatory requirements, UN recommendations and aspects of greenhouse gas utilization. They established a promising and affordable technology of greenhouse gas condensation in order to capture and absorb carbon dioxide during fuel combustion when producing thermal and electrical energy. The paper introduces the economic assessment of the costs of purchasing sorbents and the possibility of their extraction and conclusions on the utopian of the tasks of the Paris Climate Agreement

Steel degassing in continuous steel melting units

The requirements for the quality of steel products dictate the need to increase the share of evacuated steel. In addition, the growing cost of fuel, as well as the desire of society and the state to decarbonize various industries, including ferrous metallurgy, requires companies to reduce fuel costs and switch to more modern and cleaner technologies. Reducing the specific fuel consumption, and, accordingly, emissions, is possible due to the transition to continuous production, minimizing the cost of heating the equipment and maintaining the set temperature in the degasser during technological downtime. The article deals with the issues of steel melt degassing in U-type continuous degassers in continuous steel making units. Aim. To consider the influence of rarefaction of a gas bubble on the characteristic size over the melt, speed and time of its surfacing in a U-type degassing unit. Based on the obtained dependences, to determine the characteristic size of a vacuum chamber and energy effect of switching to a continuous vacuumization. Methods.. Results. The authors have determined a bubble characteristic size in a steel melt under vacuum of different degrees. They studied the effect of vacuum on vacuumization speed and the degassing unit dimensions. The energy effect of switching to continuous vacuumization was determined. The proposed methodology is valid for liquid media, the calculations are presented on the example of molten steel. Based on the conducted calculations, the depression influence on molten steel vacuumization was determined. The vacuum chamber dimensions, comparable with RH-vacuum cleaners presented at the market of similar productivity and quality of finished products, as well as reducing energy consumption for steel degassing in a continuous vacuum degasser, compared with the existing circulating installation, were determined

Additive effects of Na+ and Cl– ions on barley growth under salinity stress

Soil salinity affects large areas of the world’s cultivated land, causing significant reductions in crop yield. Despite the fact that most plants accumulate both sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl–) ions in high concentrations in their shoot tissues when grown in saline soils, most research on salt tolerance in annual plants has focused on the toxic effects of Na+ accumulation. It has previously been suggested that Cl– toxicity may also be an important cause of growth reduction in barley plants. Here, the extent to which specific ion toxicities of Na+ and Cl– reduce the growth of barley grown in saline soils is shown under varying salinity treatments using four barley genotypes differing in their salt tolerance in solution and soil-based systems. High Na+, Cl–, and NaCl separately reduced the growth of barley, however, the reductions in growth and photosynthesis were greatest under NaCl stress and were mainly additive of the effects of Na+ and Cl– stress. The results demonstrated that Na+ and Cl– exclusion among barley genotypes are independent mechanisms and different genotypes expressed different combinations of the two mechanisms. High concentrations of Na+ reduced K+ and Ca2+ uptake and reduced photosynthesis mainly by reducing stomatal conductance. By comparison, high Cl– concentration reduced photosynthetic capacity due to non-stomatal effects: there was chlorophyll degradation, and a reduction in the actual quantum yield of PSII electron transport which was associated with both photochemical quenching and the efficiency of excitation energy capture. The results also showed that there are fundamental differences in salinity responses between soil and solution culture, and that the importance of the different mechanisms of salt damage varies according to the system under which the plants were grown

ОЦЕНКА ДОСТУПНОСТИ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЙ МЕТОДАМИ КТ И МРТ ДЛЯ ОНКОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ БОЛЬНЫХ САНКТ-ПЕТЕРБУРГА

Introduction. The fundamental strategic objective of the national health care was to increase the life expectancy of Russians including the early detection and treatment of cancer, remaining in recent years the leading cause of mortality, and therefore ensuring the availability of diagnostic studies for patients conducted for early diagnosis and control of treatment was extremely urgent. The objective of the study was to assess the volume and economic indicators of the availability of studies by computer tomography and magnetic resonance imaging (CT, MRI) for patients.Material and methods. The basis for the study – all cases of CT and MRI studies in patients under the program of state guarantees of free medical care for citizens in St. Petersburg in the dynamics of 5 years. The data were statistically processed using the methods of variation statistics.Results. Over the last 5 years in St. Petersburg, the number of medical organizations conducting CT and MRI in patients under the program of state guarantees has been doubled (CT: 37 medical organizations in 2013, 63 – in 2018; MRI: 32 medical organizations in 2013, 65 – in 2018), and there was a significant increase in the number of studies by these methods. In 2017, the number of CT scans was 106028, MRI – 107503 that was more than 2 times higher the number of studies conducted in 2013: 44799 and 56090, respectively. The role of these studies for the diagnosis of tumor process was significant: 67.3 % of CT and 46.6 % of MRI were performed for this purpose. The increase in the number of studies was accompanied by the increase in tariffs and costs of the system of compulsory health insurance for their implementation.Conclusion. In St. Petersburg, sufficient conditions was created to ensure the volume and financial indicators of access to medical care for patients with cancer (suspected cancer) in need of CT and MRI. At following planning for the development of this type of care, it was advisable to take into account the research needs of residents of certain districts in St. Petersburg.Введение. Основополагающей стратегической задачей отечественного здравоохранения является увеличение продолжительности жизни россиян, в том числе путем раннего выявления и лечения онкологических заболеваний, остающихся в последние годы ведущей причиной смертности населения, в связи с чем обеспечение доступности диагностических исследований для пациентов, проводимых в целях ранней диагностики и контроля лечения, является крайне актуальным.Цель исследования – оценка объемных и экономических показателей доступности исследований методом компьютерной (КТ) и магнитно-резонансной томографии (МРТ) для пациентов.Материал и методы. База для проведения исследования – все случаи проведения пациентам исследований методами КТ и МРТ в рамках программы государственных гарантий бесплатного оказания гражданам медицинской помощи в Санкт-Петербурге в динамике за 5 лет. Данные статистически обработаны с применением методов вариационной статистики.Результаты. За последние 5 лет в Санкт-Петербурге вдвое увеличилась численность медицинских организаций, проводящих КТ и МРТ для пациентов в рамках программы государственных гарантий (КТ: 37 медицинский организаций в 2013 г., 63 – в 2018 г.; МРТ: 32 медицинские организации в 2013 г., 65 – в 2018 г.), а также наблюдается значительный рост числа проведенных исследований этими методами. В 2017 г. число проведенных КТ составило 106 028, МРТ – 107 503, что более чем в 2 раза превышает число исследований, проведенных в 2013 г.: 44 799 и 56 090 соответственно. Значительна роль этих исследований для диагностики опухолевого процесса: 67,3 % КТ и 46,6 % МРТ проведены с этой целью. Рост числа исследований сопровождается повышением тарифов и расходов системы обязательного медицинского страхования на их проведение.Заключение. В Санкт-Петербурге созданы достаточные условия для обеспечения объемных и финансовых показателей доступности медицинской помощи для пациентов с онкологическими заболеваниями (подозрениями на онкологические заболевания), нуждающихся в проведении КТ и МРТ. При дальнейшем планировании развития этого вида помощи целесообразно учитывать потребности в исследованиях жителей конкретных районов Санкт-Петербурга

Возможности комплексного ультразвукового исследования с применением современных методик в диагностике рака эндометрия

Introduction. An urgent problem of oncogynecology is the diagnosis and treatment of patients with endometrial cancer, the steady growth of which is noted in most developed countries of the world and at the present stage occupies the 2nd place among neoplasms of the reproductive system of women.Purpose. To evaluate the informativity of complex ultrasound examination for diagnostics of endometrial cancer.Material and methods. There were examined 28 patients aged from 45 to 70 y.o. (23 menopausal women — 82,1% and 5 in reproductive status — 17,9%). The diagnosis of endometrial cancer was verified by morphologic and histologic methods. For all the patients there was performed the ultrasound examination including energy Doppler mode, ultrasound elastography, Doppler imaging of uterine and intratumoral vessels, evaluation of M-echo thickness, invasive growth index and rate of myometrial invasion. Studies were performed with ultrasound scanners «ACUSON 2000» by SIEMENS and «Aixplorer» by «SuperSonic Imagine S.A.».Results. Highly and moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma was revealed mostly in patients with Ia and Ib stages while low differentiated adenocarcinoma was revealed mostly in the III stage. The investigation performed ascertained that a complex ultrasound examination with application of dopplerography, sonoelastography, contrast enhanced sonography is highly informative for determination, staging and prediction of endometrial cancer.Conclusion. The results obtained indicate the high efficiency of the diagnostic complex used in identifying the characteristic features of intraorgan and tumor blood flow, as well as tissue stiffness, which play an important role in specifying the stage and prognosis of the disease.Введение. Актуальной проблемой онкогинекологии является диагностика и лечение больных раком эндометрия, неуклонный рост которого отмечается в большинстве развитых стран мира и на современном этапе занимает второе место среди новообразований репродуктивной системы женщин.Цель исследования: оценка возможностей комплексного ультразвукового исследования в диагностике рака эндометрия.Материалы и методы исследования. С установленным диагнозом обследованы 28 пациенток в возрасте от 45 до 70 лет, 18 (64,3%) из которых были старше 51 года. В менопаузальном периоде находилось 23 (82,1%) пациенток, в репродуктивном периоде 5 (19,5%) пациенток. Диагноз рака эндометрия был верифицирован при морфологическом и гистопатологическом исследовании. Всем пациентам выполнено ультразвуковое исследование с допплерометрией, цветовым допплеровском и энергетическим картированием, с орографией и контрастным усилением на аппаратах «ACUSON S2000» фирмы SIEMENS и «Aixplorer» фирмы «SuperSonic Imagine S.A.» (Франция) с применением конвексного датчика 3,5–5,0 МГц и трансвагинального датчика 6,5–7,5 МГц.Результаты. Оценивали толщину М-эхо. Расcчитывали индекс инвазивного роста. Оценивали степень миометральной инвазии. Высоко и умеренно дифференцированная аденокарцинома диагностирована у 44 (89,8%) пациенток при Ia и Ib стадиях заболевания. Умеренно и низко дифференцированная аденокарцинома чаще отмечалась при Ib и III стадиях заболевания. В результате проведенного исследования установлено, что в уточняющей диагностике рака эндометрия высокоинформативным методом является комплексное ультразвуковое исследование с использованием импульсной допплерометрии, допплерографии, соноэластографии и контрастной сонографии.Заключение. Полученные результаты свидетельствуют о  высокой эффективности примененного диагностического комплекса в  выявлении характерных особенностей внутриорганного и  опухолевого кровотока, а  также жесткости тканей, играющих важную роль в уточнении стадии и прогнозе заболевания.

Оценка эффективности Erector Spinae Plane (ESP) блока при эндовидеохирургических герниопластиках паховых грыж

The objective was to evaluate  the effectiveness of the erector  spinae plane block (ESP-block) as a component of perioperative analgesia in endovideosurgical  hernioplasty of inguinal hernias.Materials and methods. The study included 70 patients who underwent endovideosurgical plastic surgery of inguinal hernias. All patients randomly divided into the main (n=32) and control  (n=38) groups, were given general combined anesthesia. In the main group, it was supplemented with the ESP-block, which was performed with ropivacaine at the L1 level. Intraoperatively, fentanyl was used for analgesia. The indication for its introduction was an increase in the Surgical Pleth Index (SPI) of more than 50. In the early postoperative period, ketoprofen and tramadol were used for analgesia, which were administered with the development of moderate  and high intensity of the pain. The effectiveness of the ESP-block was evaluated by comparing the total doses of analgesic drugs that were required for analgesia during surgery and in the early postoperative period in patients of both groups.Results. In the main group, the total doses of fentanyl and ketoprofen were statistically significantly lower compared to the control group (p&lt;0.01). After surgery, tramadol was used only in patients of the control  group. In some patients of the main group who required analgesia in the early postoperative  period (n=15), the pain syndrome  developed  only 12 hours after the end of the surgery. Their intraoperative need for fentanyl  did not differ from other patients of the main group (p&gt;0.05).Conclusion. In endovideosurgical hernioplasty of inguinal hernias, the use of the ESP-block as part of multimodal analgesia contributes to achieving a good level of analgesia both intra- and in the early postoperative period.Цель: оценить эффективность Erector Spinae Plane (ESP) блока в качестве компонента периоперационного обезболивания при эндовидеохирургических герниопластиках паховых грыж.Материалы и методы. В исследование включено  70 пациентов,  которым  выполняли эндовидеохирургическую пластику  паховых грыж. Всем пациентам, случайным образом разделенным на основную (n=32) и контрольную (n=38) группы, проводили общую комбинированную анестезию. В основной группе ее дополняли ESP-блоком, который выполняли ропивакаином на уровне L1. Интраоперационно для анальгезии применяли фентанил. Показанием для его введения было повышение хирургического плетизмографического индекса (Surgical Pleth Index, SPI) более 50. В раннем послеоперационном периоде для обезболивания использовали кетопрофен и трамадол, которые вводили при развитии боли средней и высокой интенсивности. Эффективность ESP-блока оценивали путем сравнения суммарных доз анальгетических препаратов, которые потребовались для обезболивания во время операции и в раннем послеоперационном периоде у пациентов обеих групп.Результаты. В основной группе суммарные дозы фентанила и кетопрофена были статистически значимо ниже по сравнению с контрольной группой (р&lt;0,01). После операции трамадол применялся только у больных контрольной группы. У части пациентов основной группы, которым потребовалось обезболивание в раннем послеоперационном периоде (n=15), болевой синдром развивался только через 12 часов после окончания операции. Интраоперационная потребность в фентаниле у них не отличалась  от других пациентов основной группы (р&gt;0,05).Выводы. При эндовидеохирургических герниопластиках паховых грыж применение ESP-блока в составе мультимодальной анальгезии способствует достижению хорошего уровня обезболивания как в интра-, так и в раннем послеоперационном периоде