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A new generation of 99.999% enriched 28Si single crystals for the determination of Avogadro's constant
A metrological challenge is currently underway to replace the present definition of the kilogram. One prerequisite for this is that the Avogadro constant, NA, which defines the number of atoms in a mole, needs to be determined with a relative uncertainty of better than 2  ×  10−8. The method applied in this case is based on the x-ray crystal density experiment using silicon crystals. The first attempt, in which silicon of natural isotopic composition was used, failed. The solution chosen subsequently was the usage of silicon highly enriched in 28Si from Russia. First, this paper reviews previous efforts from the very first beginnings to an international collaboration with the goal of producing a 28Si single crystal with a mass of 5 kg, an enrichment greater than 0.9999 and of sufficient chemical purity. Then the paper describes the activities of a follow-up project, conducted by PTB, to produce a new generation of highly enriched silicon in order to demonstrate the quasi-industrial and reliable production of more than 12 kg of the 28Si material with enrichments of five nines. The intention of this project is also to show the availability of 28Si single crystals as a guarantee for the future realisation of the redefined kilogram
Resting spores of the freshwater diatoms Acanthoceras and Urosolenia
Diatom resting spores are a widespread, but sometimes misconstrued component of siliceous microfossil assemblages. We illustrate and discuss resting spore morphology found in populations of Acanthoceras and Urosolenia , two widely distributed freshwater genera. Taxonomic status of these genera and the potential paleolimnologic interpretation of resting spores are discussed.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/43094/1/10933_2004_Article_BF00680035.pd
Conversion of self-assembled monolayers into nanocrystalline graphene: Structure and electric transport
Graphene-based materials have been suggested for applications ranging from
nanoelectronics to nanobiotechnology. However, the realization of
graphene-based technologies will require large quantities of free-standing
two-dimensional (2D) carbon materials with tuneable physical and chemical
properties. Bottom-up approaches via molecular self-assembly have great
potential to fulfil this demand. Here, we report on the fabrication and
characterization of graphene made by electron-radiation induced cross-linking
of aromatic self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) and their subsequent annealing. In
this process, the SAM is converted into a nanocrystalline graphene sheet with
well defined thickness and arbitrary dimensions. Electric transport data
demonstrate that this transformation is accompanied by an insulator to metal
transition that can be utilized to control electrical properties such as
conductivity, electron mobility and ambipolar electric field effect of the
fabricated graphene sheets. The suggested route opens broad prospects towards
the engineering of free-standing 2D carbon materials with tuneable properties
on various solid substrates and on holey substrates as suspended membranes.Comment: 30 pages, 5 figure
Actinella species (Bacillariophyta) from an Amazon black water floodplain lake (Amazonas - Brazil)
Comment letters to the National Commission on Commission on Fraudulent Financial Reporting, 1987 (Treadway Commission) Vol. 1
https://egrove.olemiss.edu/aicpa_sop/1661/thumbnail.jp
Investigation of the interactions of critical scale-up parameters (pH, pO2 and pCO2) on CHO batch performance and critical quality attributes
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