Purification of waters and elimination of organochloric insecticides by means of active coal

Pollution of water and the determination of the degree of its pollution with numerous physical, chemical and biological polluters have become general, ever increasing social and health related problems. Within this study, the concentrations of some most frequently used organochloric insecticides (OCI): a-hexachlorocyclohexane (a-HCH), γ-hexachlorocyclohexane (lindane), heptachlor, aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, dichlorodiphenyl trichlorethane (DDT) were investigated. OCI are highly toxic substances for the human population and their effective elimination from the environment is of paramount interest. To determine the OCI concentration in water samples, the EPA–608 method and the liquid–liquid extraction principle were applied. A procedure for OCI elimination was realized by passing the water over four columns filled with various active coals: KRF, K-81/B, NORIT ROW-0.8 and AQUA SORB CS. These active coals are carbonized coconut shells activated by different procedures. The obtained results indicated that best purification of potable and waste water achieved using a column with Norit Row-0.8 filling. Research proved that small quantities of OCI can also be effectively removed using a Norit Row-0.8 active coal filled column, without altering the organoleptic properties of the water, which meets the requirements of water purification processes

Being and interpretation : the exegesis of Origen and its ontological postulations

Циљ приложеног рада јесте испитивање кључних онтолошких концепата који као интерпретативни контекст претходе тумачењу библијског текста, док, с друге стране, у сапрожимању са текстом добијају своју специфичну онтолошку садржину и значење чиме представљају Оригеново схватање и тумачење бића. Тумачење бића, тј. темељних метафизичких питања о томе шта јесте, како постоји, откуда потиче и куда се креће то што бивствује, шта јесте истинито и које су одреднице које описују истинито биће, нашло је у споју са библијским текстом свој јединствени облик код Оригена и тако начинило прво хришћанско систематично учење о бићу прожето мноштвом изванхришћанских елемената. На темељу чињенице да он нескривено настоји да сваки богословски став образложи аргументима из Писма, могуће је говорити о најдубљем и најпотпунијем прожимању библијских стихова и теолошких ставова што се може установити и визуелним прегледањем Оригенових коментара, али и текстова другачије сврхе. Међутим, иако Ориген настоји да изведе онтологију из егзегезе Писма, и то у потпуности, његов оквир тумачења дубоко је условљен предразумевaњем, тј. оним концептима кроз које је, делимично ненамерно, протумачио библијски текст, постављајући их као полазиште, исход и референтни оквир за коначно тумачење. У приложеном раду анализирана су четири онтолошка појма – архи, усија, логос, телос – која, посредно и непосредно присутна у тумачењима Писма, представљају важне моменте учења о бићу. Ова четири појма чине посебна поглавља рада, док последње поглавље рада сажима претходно излагање у кратке закључке.The aim of the present thesis is to examine the key ontological concepts which as an interpretative context precede the interpretation of the biblical text, while on the other hand, in their pervasion with the text, they acquire their specific ontological content and meaning, thus representing Origen’s understanding and interpretation of being. Interpretation of being, i.e. fundamental metaphysical questions about what exists, how it exists, where it originates from and what it moves towards, what is true and what are the determinants that describe a true being, found in conjunction with the biblical text its unique form in Origen’s writings, thus making the first Christian systematic teaching of being which is imbued with a multitude of non-Christian elements. Based on the fact that he plainly endeavours to justify each theological attitude by the arguments from Scripture, it is possible to speak of the most profound and complete permeation of biblical verses and theological attitudes, which can be ascertained by visual inspection of Origen’s commentaries as well as texts of a different purpose. However, although Origen seeks to derive an ontology from the exegesis of Scripture, and that in entirety, his framework of interpretation is deeply conditioned by preconception, i.e. those concepts through which he interpreted, in part unintentionally, the biblical text, setting them as a starting point, outcome, and frame of reference for final interpretation. The present paper offers analysis of four ontological concepts - arche, essence, logos, telos - which, directly and indirectly present in the interpretations of Scripture, represent important moments of Origen’s theory of being. These four concepts constitute the structure of the present thesis. The last section of the thesis summarizes the expositions of the preceding chapters into brief conclusions

INDICATORS OF PASSENGER FLOWS MOVEMENTS ON THE WORLD AND MEDITERRANEAN CRUISE MARKET

Strengthening the global cruise market is in the upward trend as evidenced by the continued growth in the number of passengers on the cruising market. The source market, which is dominating by the demand for cruising, is North America, followed by the European market. In addition to the European market intensifying its increase in demand in the last few years, compared to other markets, passenger flows on cruises in Europe is constantly increasing its share in the global passenger flows on the world cruise market. Consequently, in this paper, the main features and trends in passengers flows on the world market and Mediterranean cruises are analyzed, within which a specific attention is given in analyzing passenger flows in the developing Mediterranean or Adriatic market. In accordance with the analyzed data, significant conclusions have been brought about the present state and future prospects of the global passenger flows on the Mediterranean area, as well as the prospects of development of the Adriatic market within the Mediterranean cruise market

Sastav i antimikrobna aktivnost etarskih ulja Salvia fruticosa i Salvia ringens (Lamiaceae)

Background/Aim. Plant essential oils (EOs) can have a significant antibacterial effect especially through additive or synergistic action as antibiotic adjuvants. We investi-gated the composition and activity of EOs of two species of genus Salvia (S) from Greece with the aim to deter-mine their antimicrobial activity as well as the activity in combination with selected antibiotics. Methods. The aerial parts of wild-growing S. fruticosa and S. ringens were subjected to a steam distillation and the obtained EOs were analyzed by gas chromatography and gas chroma-tography/mass spectrometry. The broth-microdilution method was used in order to determine the minimum in-hibitory concentrations (MICs) of EOs on seven strains of bacteria and one yeast. Antimicrobial activity of the combination of EO and antibiotics was investigated by checkerboard method and estimated by calculating frac-tional inhibitory concentration (FIC) of each component and fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI). Re-sults. Dominant component of S. fruticosa EO was trans-thujone (54.2%) and for S. ringens EO it was α-pinene (28.1%). The MICs of EOs of both species were in the range from 200 μg/mL to > 500 μg/mL. The strongest antimicrobial effect was achieved against Bacillus subtilis and Candida albicans. According to FICI values, EO of S. fruticosa had additive effect with ciprofloxacin against most of bacterial strains but not with amikacin. Conclu-sion. The essential oils of S. ringens and S. fruticosa showed modest antimicrobial activity. However, the es-sential oil of S. fruticosa showed a promising additive ef-fect in combination with ciprofloxacin.Uvod/Cilj. Etarska ulja različitih biljaka mogu imati značajna antibakterijska svojstva, posebno kao adjuvanti antibiotika sa kojima ostvaruju aditivno ili sinergistično dejstvo. Ispitivali smo sastav i aktivnost etarskih ulja dve vrste roda Salvia (S) iz Grčke sa ciljem da odredimo njihovu antimkrobnu aktivnost, kao i dejstvo u kombi-naciji sa odabranim antibioticima. Metode. Nadzemni delovi samoniklih S. fruticosa i S. ringens su destilovani vodenom parom i dobijena etarska ulja su analizirana gasnom hromatografijom i gasnom hromatografijom sa masenom spektrometrijom. Radi određivanja minimalnih inhibitornih koncentracija (MICs) etarskog ulja na sedam sojeva bakterija i na jednoj patogenoj gljivici korišćena je mikrodiluciona metoda. Antimikrobna aktivnost kombi-nacije etarskog ulja i antibiotika ispitana je checkerboard metodom i procenjena je na osnovu frakcione inhibi-torne koncentracije (FIC) svake komponente i indeksa frakcione inhibitorne koncentracije (FICI). Resultati. Dominantna komponenta etarskog ulja S. fruticosa je bio trans-tujon (54,2%), a etarskog ulja S. ringens α-pinen (28,1%). MICs etarskog ulja obe vrste su bile u opsegu od 200 μg/mL do > 500 μg/mL. Najsnažnija anti-mikrobna aktivnost ostvarena je protiv Bacillus subtilis i Candida albicans. Na osnovu FICI vrednosti, etarsko ulje S. fruticosa je sa ciprofloksacinom, ali ne i sa amikacinom imalo aditivni efekat protiv većine bakterijskih sojeva. Zaključak. Etarska ulja S. ringens i S. fruticosa su pokazala skromnu antimikrobnu aktivnost, ali je etarsko ulje S. fru-ticosa u kombinaciji sa ciprofloksacinom ispoljilo značajan aditivni efekat

Risk factors for intraoperative hemodynamic complications in patients undergoing thyroid gland surgery

Uvod: Cilj rada je da odredi učestalost i faktore rizika za pojavu intraoperativnih hemodianmskih poremećaja kod bolesnika sa komorbiditetima pobrgnutih hirurškom lečenju oboljenja štitaste žlezde. Metodologija: ovo je kohortna studija, u kojoj su uključena 1252 eutireoidna bolesnika ASA 2 i ASA 3 statusa. Ispitivani su sledeći faktori rizika: pol, godine života, indeks telesne mase, ASA status, prijemna dijagnoza, vrsta hirurške intervencije, dužina trajanja operacije, vreme provedeno pod anestezijom, učestalost otežane intubacije traheje i sledeći komorbiditeti: hipertenzija, kardiomiopatija, poremećaji srčanog ritma, angina pektoris-ishemijska bolest srca, dijebetes melitus, bubrežne bolesti. Registrovani su sledeći intraoperativni poremećaji: hipertenzija, hipertenzivna kriza, hipotenzija i poremećaji srčanog ritma (tahikrdija, bradikardija, novonastala intraoperativna atrijalna fibrilacija i ekstrasistole). Za statističku obradu korišćen je Pirsonov Hi kvadrat test, univarijantna i multivarijantna logistička regresiona analizu. Rezultati: većinu bolesnika su činile žene (86.3%). Intraoperativni hemodinamski poremećaji su registrovani kod 903 (72.1%) bolesnika. Najčesšći intraoperativni poremećaj je bila hipertenzija, registrovana kod 61.4% bolesnika, zatim poremećaji srčanog ritma kod 27.9% bolesnika, hipotenzija kod 6.5% bolesnika i hipertenzivna kriza kod 3.1% bolesnika. Univarijanta analiza je registrovala sledeće faktore rizika: starije životno doba, ASA 3 status, BMI >25kg/m², trajanje operacije, vreme provedeno pod anestezijom, hipertenzija, kadriomiopatija, vrsta kardiomiopatije. Multivarijantna regiresiona analiza je pokazala da su nezavisni prediktori pojave IOHP: godine starosti, hipertenzija i kardiomiopatija. Zaključak: Intraoperativni hemodinamski poremećaji su česti tokom tireoidne hirurgije, pre svega intraoperativna hipertenzija. Starije životno doba, hipertenzija i kardiomiopatija kao koegzistirajuće bolesti su nezavisni faktori rizika za pojavu IOHP.Background: The aim of study was to determine the incidence and risk factors for intraoperative cardiovascular complications in thyroid surgery patients with comorbidities. Methods: This prospective study included 1252 euthyroid patients with ASA 2 and ASA 3 status who underwent thyroid surgery. The following risk factors were examined: gender, age, body mass index (BMI), ASA status, admission diagnoses, type of operation, length of surgery, time under general anesthesia, difficult intubation of trachea and coexisting diseases: hypertension, cardiomyopathy (CMP), cardiac arrhythmias, angina pectoris, diabetes mellitus (DM), kidney disease. Following intraoperative complications were recorded: hypertension, hypotension, hypertensive crisis and cardiac arrhythmias (tachycardia, bradycardia, arrhythmia absoluta and extrasystole). We used Pearson chi-square test, univariate and multivariate logistic regression for statistic analysis. Results: The majority of patients were female (86.3%). In 903 (72.1%) patients IOCVC were detected. The most common complication was intraoperative hypertension 61.4%, then heart rhythm disturbances in 27.9% patients, hypotension in 6.5% and hypertensive crysis in 3.1% patients. Eight risk factors for IOCVC were registred by univariante analysis: advanced age, ASA 3 status, BMI >25kg/m², length of surgery, time under general anaesthesia, and hypertension, cardiomyopathy and thy type of cardiomyopathy as coexisting disease. The multivariate regression model identified tree independent predictors for IOCVC: age, hypertension and cardiomyopathy. Conclusion: Intraoperative cardiovascular complications are common in thyroid surgery. The most common is intraoperative hypertension. Older age, hypertension and cardiomyopathy as a coexisting disease are independent risk factors for IOCVC

First Report of Tritrophic Relationships among Soft Scale Physokermes hemicryphus (Dalman, 1826) (Hemiptera), Polyembryonic Parasitoid Pseudorhopus testaceus (Ratzeburg, 1848) (Hymenoptera) and the Predator Anthribus nebulosus Forster, 1770 (Coleoptera)

The tritrophic relationships among the soft scale Physokermes hemicryphus (Dalman, 1826) (Hemiptera), the polyembryonic parasitoid Pseudorhopus testaceus (Ratzeburg, 1848) (Hymenoptera) and the predator Anthribus nebulosus Forster, 1770 (Coleoptera) is documented and reported for the first time. In Belgrade region (Serbia), in scale insects P. hemicryphus, the simultaneous presence of P. testaceus parasitoid larvae and A. nebulosus larvae has been registered. Larvae of A. nebulosus, apart from scales' eggs, also feed on larvae of parasitoids P. testaceus. Competitive interactions between these two species, which are natural enemies of P. hemicryphus, have not been known until now

First Report of Tritrophic Relationships among Soft Scale Physokermes hemicryphus (Dalman, 1826) (Hemiptera), Polyembryonic Parasitoid Pseudorhopus testaceus (Ratzeburg, 1848) (Hymenoptera) and the Predator Anthribus nebulosus Forster, 1770 (Coleoptera)

The tritrophic relationships among the soft scale Physokermes hemicryphus (Dalman, 1826) (Hemiptera), the polyembryonic parasitoid Pseudorhopus testaceus (Ratzeburg, 1848) (Hymenoptera) and the predator Anthribus nebulosus Forster, 1770 (Coleoptera) is documented and reported for the first time. In Belgrade region (Serbia), in scale insects P. hemicryphus, the simultaneous presence of P. testaceus parasitoid larvae and A. nebulosus larvae has been registered. Larvae of A. nebulosus, apart from scales' eggs, also feed on larvae of parasitoids P. testaceus. Competitive interactions between these two species, which are natural enemies of P. hemicryphus, have not been known until now

Kako skrbiti za kulturnu baštinu u regiji

Osvrt na 13. i 14. regionalni restauratorski kamp (13th and 14th Regional Restoration Camps), Gjirokastra, Albanija, 14. – 28. rujna 2013., Jajce, Bosna i Hercegovina, 1. – 14. listopada 2013

Metabolism of essential-oil constituents: Determination of methyl and isopropyl N-methylanthranilates and their metabolites in rat organs

Two volatile alkaloids, methyl N-methylanthranilate (MMA) and isopropyl N-methylanthranilate (IMA), identified in the essential oil of Choisya ternata Kunth (Rutaceae) [1], have been proven to possess diverse pharmacological activities, including antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, gastro-, hepato- and nephroprotective activities, anxiolytic and antidepressant properties, as well as an effect on diazepam-induced sleep [2]. Recently, we investigated their urinary metabolite profiles [2]. However, their distribution in rat organs remained unknown. Herein we report on the identification and quantification of MMA, IMA and their metabolites in the organs (liver, kidney, heart, lungs, thigh muscle, and spleen) and serum of rats treated with these two substances (2 g/kg, i.p.). Diethyl-ether extracts of the serum and tissue homogenates were analyzed by GC and GC-MS. The largest amounts of both N-methylanthranilic acid esters’ metabolites were found in the liver, while the lowest ones were found in muscles and spleen tissue. In the case of MMA, anthranilic acid and N-methylanthranilic acid were the major liver metabolites, while unmetabolized MMA was present in the liver in minute quantities. On the other hand, unmetabolized IMA was the predominant anthranilate derivative found in the liver, followed by N-methylanthranilic acid. Hydroxylated derivatives ofMMA andIMA, were present in organ homogenates only in traces, probably due to their (easier) excretion via urine