GEOTHERMAL ENERGY OF THE REPUBLIC OF SRPSKA AND HYDROCHEMICAL ASPECTS OF ITS EXPLORATION AND EXPLOITATION

One of the most used renewable energy sources worldwide is geothermal energy. It represents the heat, originated by natural processes happen in the Earth interior. The hot springs phenomena are the most frequent natural manifestation of geothermal activity. Geothermal potentiality of some area can be estimated based on geothermal gradient. Geothermal gradient is a conductive terrestrial parameter that represents the degree of increasing of the Earth temperature vs. depth. It is usually expressed in ⁰C/m or ⁰C/km. Different areas have different thermal gradients and thus different geothermal potential. Generally, higher geothermal gradients correspond to areas containing more geothermal energy. Geothermal characteristics of the territory of the Republic of Srpska are closely related to its complex geological setting. It is the reason why geothermal characteristics are different from area to area. Higher geothermal potentiality is recognised in the northern parts of the entity, in the first order in Semberija, Posavina and Banja Luka regions. The use of geothermal energy with different fluid temperatures can be considered throughthe Lindal diagram, who firstly proposed acomprehensive scale with appropriate temperatures for different uses. High temperature fluids are mostly used for electricity production and moderate and low temperature fluids for the direct use.Despite the fact that the territory of the Republic of Srpska has favourable geothermal properties, utilization of this kind of renewable energy resource is inadequate. Especially indicative are data about the use of geothermal energy by heat pumps (in bad sense) in comparison with praxis of developed countries. Chemical composition of thermal waters plays very important role and can be used in its exploration stage, for analyses of possibility of its use and for prediction of exploitation effects, as well. This kind of renewable energyresource, highly ecologically recommended, must be considered more seriously in the future in the Republic of Srpska. Furthermore, it must be put into the energy strategic documentsin appropriate manner

Chemical reaction and diffusion dynamics

In this paper diffusion with chemical reaction was investigated. The concomitant advances in theory, measuring systems and computer simulation bring the new perspectives to the chemical reaction with diffusion studying. The chemical rate and diffusion rate parameters were considered. The obtained results shows effects the chemical reaction rate and diffusion rate. The obtained results demonstrate characterization of the dynamic and steady state conditions, transition between them and how it can be used to predict the stability of the system

Regenerative features of semitendinosus and gracilis muscle tendons after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

Увод: Третман повреде предњег укрштеног лигамента се захваљујући сазнањима базичних и клиничких истраживања, развијао од неоперативног, преко екстракапсуларне стабилизације и примарне репарације лигамента, до реконструкције. Тетиве мишићa семитендинозусa и грaцилисa (СтГ) су присутне у хируршкој реконструкцији кaо aлтернaтивни извор грaфтa још од средине прошлог века, а данас обезбеђује више снопова чиме се приближава нормалној анатомији уз упитан квалитет прорастања графта у коштаним тунелима и одсуство ригидне коштане фиксације. Савремена хируршка техника реконструкцију предње укрштене везе сагледава веома комплексно од дијагнозе, преко, индивидуалних, пацијенту прилагођених анатомских параметара у избору графта и позиционирању тунела, до начина фиксације и рехабилитације. С обзиром дa је употребa тетиве мишићa семитендинозусa и грaцилисa постaлa све популaрнијa при реконструкцији предњег укрштеног лигaментa, повећaнa је и пaжњa нa морбидитет донорске регије и квалитет коштане фиксације, a могућност дa дође до потпуне регенерaције нaкон ресекције пуне дужине и дебљине тетивa чини се чудесном појaвом. Циљеви: (I) Показати регенеративни потенцијал тетива мишића семитендинозуса и грацилиса након њихове ресекције и употребе као аутотрансплантата код реконструкције предњег укрштеног лигамента (LCA) колена: ултразвучна, морфолошка и МР анализа. (II) Дефинисати потенцијал и карактеристике прорастања тетивних аутотрансплатата мишића семитендинозуса и грацилиса у коштаним тунелима тибије и/или фемура након реконструкције предњег укрштеног лигамента колена. (III) Извршити анализу исхода лечења током ране фазе рехабилитације и средњерочног – двогодишњег праћења пацијената након реконструкције предњег укрштеног лигамента колена: поређење две врсте фиксације у феморалном коштаном тунелу (транскондиларна фиксација и интерферентни завртањ) са претпоставком о супериорности транскондиларне фиксације...Objective: The treatment оf the anterior cruciate ligament rupture was developed from non-operating, through extracapsular stabilization and primary ligament repair to reconstruction, after knowledge of basic and clinical research. Semitendinosus and gracilis muscle tendons (StG) are alternative source of graft since mid of last century, but nowdays provides two bundles similar to normal ACL anatomy even with questionable graft tunnels ingrowth and the absence of rigid bone fixation. Modern surgical techniques are considering diagnosis, individual, patient anatomical parameters in the selection of graft and positioning of the tunnel, and the way of fixation and rehabilitation. Since semitendinosus and gracilis muscle tendons became more popular in the reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament, there is increased attention on the morbidity and the quality of tendon bone fixation. a Complete regeneration possibility after resection of full length and thickness seems like miracle in human anatomy Aims: (I) to analyze the regenerative potential of semitendinosus and gracilis muscle tendon after their resection and use as a autograft in reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL): diagnostics with ultrasound, MRI and biopsy; (II) to demonstrate the potential and characteristics of tendon's ingrowth in bone tunnels after reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament; (III) to analyze treatment outcome during the early stages of rehabilitation and medium-term - a two-year follow-up of patients after reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament: comparison of two types of fixation in the femoral bone tunnel (transcondylar and interference screw fixation) with the assumption of transcondylar fixation superiority. Methodology: From 2009 to 2011, among 150 patients with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (double graft St / G or triple to quadruple St) we prospectively followed 50 patients who agreed to participate in the study, and meet the criteria: unilateral anterior cruciate ligament injuries less than than 6 months old, 18 to 40 years of age, lesion confirmed on arthroscopy or MRI..

Comparative analyses of the vascular flora of the Pčinja river gorges in Serbia and Macedonia

The study’s aim is the comparative chorologic and ecological analysis of the vascular flora of the two gorges of the Pčinja River in Serbia and Macedonia which are 27 km apart. In the two gorges 1564 taxa have been recorded, 1057 being in the upper gorge in Serbia and 1174 in the lower gorge in Macedonia. Common to both gorges are 666 taxa. Chorological spectra show that in both gorges the most abundant are Mediterranean-submediterranean plants, 32.85% being in the upper and 43.97% in the lower gorge. Differences in the studied vegetation result from a diverse participation of other floristic elements such as Central European ones that are more abundant in the upper gorge (17.05%) than in the lower gorge (10.86 %). The life-form spectrum reveals that the flora in both gorges is hemicryptophyte-therophyte in character. Both gorges belong to an enclave of a Mediterranean-submediterranean region, i.e. to its submediterranean Macedonian- Thracian province

Influence of mechanical activation on MgO-TiO2 system

Poster presented at the 10th Conference of the Materials Research Society of Serbia - YUCOMAT 2008, Herceg Novi, Montenegro, September 8-12, 200

Experimental determination and modeling of the volumetric properties, refractive indices and viscosities of the volumetric properties, refractive indices and viscosities of the multicomponent organic solvent mixtures

U ovoj doktorskoj disertaciji izvršeno je eksperimentalno merenje gustine ρ, indeksa refrakcije nD i viskoznosti η osam binarnih i četiri ternerna sistema na atmosferskom pritisku i u temperaturnom intervalu od 288.15 K do 323.15 K sa korakom od 5 K. Izabrani su binarni sistemi: dimetiladipat + 1-butanol, dimetiladipat + 2-butanol, dimetiladipat + 2-butanon, dimetiladipat + tetrahidrofuran, 2-butanon + 1-butanol, 2- butanon + 2-butanol, tetrahidrofuran + 1-butanol, tetrahidrofuran + 2-butanol, i ternerni sistemi: dimetiladipat + 2-butanon + 1-butanol, dimetiladipat + 2-butanon + 2-butanol, dimetiladipat + tetrahidrofuran + 1-butanol i dimetiladipat + tetrahidrofuran + 2- butanol. Eksperimentalna merenja izvršena su na digitalnom gustinomeru Anton Paar DMA 5000, refraktometru Anton Paar RXA 156 i viskozimetru Anton Paar SVM 3000. Na osnovu eksperimentalno izmerenih vrednosti ρ, nD i η, izračunate su vrednosti dopunske molarne zapremine VE, promene indeksa refrakcije ΔnD i promene viskoznosti Δη pri mešanju. Eksperimentalni podaci obrađeni su pomoću empirijskih jednačina Redlich-Kister i Nagata-Tamura. Uspešnost predviđanja vrednosti VE, ΔnD i Δη ternernih sistema ispitana je primenom empirijskih modela polinomskog tipa: Radojković, Kohler, Jacob-Fitzner, Colinet, Tsao-Smith, Toop, Scatchard i Rastogi. Modelovanje volumetrijskih svojstava obuhvatilo je: korelisanje vrednosti VE binarnih sistema, kao i korelisanje i predviđanje vrednosti VE ternernih smeša pomoću Peng- Robinson-Stryjek-Vera kubne jednačine stanja (PRSV CEOS) kombinovane sa modelima za dopunsku Gibbs-ovu energiju (CEOS/GE) u koje su ugrađena dva pravila mešanja, van der Waals jedan fluid (vdW1) i model razvijen od strane Twu i saradnika (TCBT). Na osnovu vrednosti nD čistih komponenata, izvršeno je predviđanje vrednosti VE, kao i predviđanje vrednosti nD binarnih sistema, korišćenjem Lorentz-Lorentz, Dale-Gladstone, Eykman, Arago-Biot, Newton i Oster pravila mešanja. Izvršen je pregled i testiranje 43 korelativne metode za izračunavanje vrednosti viskoznosti. Za modelovanje η binarnih sistema korišćene su dve grupe modela: korelativni (Teja-Rice, McAllister 3 i McAllister 4) i prediktivni (UNIFAC-VISCO). Prilikom predviđanja vrednosti η UNIFAC-VISCO modelom, na osnovu eksperimentalnih merenja, optimizacionim metodama određene su nove vrednosti interakcionih parametara...In this dissertation, densities ρ, refractive indices nD and viscosities η of eight binary and four ternary systems were experimentally measured at atmospheric pressure and at temperatures between 288.15 K and 323.15 K with a 5 K temperature increment. The following binary and ternary systems were selected: dimethyladipate + 1-butanol, dimethyladipate + 2-butanol, dimethyladipate + 2-butanone, dimethyladipate + tetrahydrofuran, 2-butanone + 1-butanol, 2-butanone + 2-butanol, tetrahydrofuran + 1- butanol, tetrahydrofuran + 2-butanol, and dimethyladipate + 2-butanone + 1-butanol, dimethyladipate + 2-butanone + 2-butanol, dimethyladipate + tetrahydrofuran + 1- butanol and dimethyladipate + tetrahydrofuran + 2-butanol. Experimental measurements were conducted on digital densimeter Anton Paar DMA 5000, refractometer Anton Paar RXA 156 and viscometer Anton Paar SVM 3000. Experimentally measured ρ, nD and η were used in calculation of the excess molar volumes VE, deviations of refractive indices nD and viscosity deviations . Experimental data were correlated by the Redlich-Kister and Nagata-Tamura equations. Prediction quality for the VE, nD and of the ternary systems was evaluated using the empirical polynomial models developed by: Radojković, Kohler, Jacob-Fitzner, Colinet, Tsao-Smith, Toop, Scatchard and Rastogi. Modeling of the volumetric properties included correlation of the binary, as well as the correlation and prediction of the ternary VE values, using the Peng-Robinson-Stryjek-Vera cubic equation of state (PRSV CEOS) combined with models for the excess Gibbs energy (CEOS/GE) and two mixing rules: van der Waals one fluid (vdW1) and the mixing rule developed by Twu et al. (TCBT). Refractive indices of the pure components were used for the prediction of VE and nD of the binary mixtures using the Lorentz-Lorentz, Dale-Gladstone, Eykman, Arago-Biot, Newton and Oster mixing rules. 43 viscosity correlation methods were analyzed and tested. Modeling of the η of the binary systems encompassed the application of the correlative (Teja-Rice, McAllister 3 and McAllister 4) and predictive (UNIFAC-VISCO) models. Prediction of η by the UNIFAC-VISCO model included optimization of the experimental data to develop the new interaction parameters of the UNIFAC-VISCO model..

Porous, Poly (DL-Lactide-co-Glycolide)-Based Material for Biomedical Application

Poster presented at the 10th Conference of the Materials Research Society of Serbia - YUCOMAT 2008, Herceg Novi, Montenegro, September 8-12, 2008

1-Ferrocenyl-3-(4-methyl­anilino)propan-1-one

In the title ferrocene derivative, [Fe(C5H5)(C15H16NO)], the dihedral angle between the best planes of the benzene and the substituted cyclo­penta­dienyl ring is 83.4 (1)°. The presence of a methyl substituent in the para position of the aniline group does not alter the crystal packing compared to that of 3-anilino-1-ferrocenylpropan-1-one [Leka et al. (2012 ▶). Acta Cryst. E68, m229]. The molecules are connected into centro­symmetric dimers via N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds. In addition, C—H⋯O and C—H⋯N contacts stabilize the crystal packing

Lipidni status trkačkih konja nakon fizičkog opterećenja različitog intenziteta i trajanja

The aim of this research was to determine the effects of physical activity on the lipid status in racehorses in a gallop race and a forty-kilometre endurance ride. Two groups of healthy 3-5-year-old full-blooded racehorses were assessed. The first one ran a 2 400-m gallop race, which is considered a short-lasting, intense physical activity; lipid status was assessed prior to, and 48 and 72 h after the race. The second group ran a forty-kilometre endurance ride, which is a long-lasting moderate physical activity; the lipid status was assessed immediately before, soon after and 48, 72, 96, 120 and 144 h after finishing the race. In intense physical activity the parameters of lipid status (total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, free cholesterol and triglycerides) remained stable at all times assessed in comparison with basal concentrations (p>0.05). Following the long-lasting moderate physical activity a slight, although statistically insignificant (p>0.05), increase in the concentrations of total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, free cholesterol and LDL cholesterol was noticed immediately after the endurance ride in comparison to the values before the ride. By contrast, the concentration of LDL cholesterol increased immediately after the gallop race, which was followed by its significant decrease (p lt 0.05) 96, 120 and 144 h after the ride in comparison to the values both before and immediately after the ride. Unlike in the gallop race, immediately after the 40-km endurance ride there was a plummet in triglyceride concentration (p lt 0.01), but was followed by its statistically significant increase (p lt 0.05 and p lt 0.01) at all sampling times in comparison to the value on finishing the ride. In horses which ran the gallop race there was a high positive correlation between the concentrations of total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol and triglycerides before, 72 and 96 h after the race (r = 0.9278, p lt 0.001). In those which ran the endurance ride a high positive correlation between the concentrations of total cholesterol and HDL cholesterol was noticed on finishing the ride (r=0.7395 p lt 0.01), as well as at all sampling times which followed. In addition, there was a positive correlation between the concentrations of HDL cholesterol and LDL cholesterol 72 h (r=0.6843, p lt 0.01) after the ride. Aerobic exercise decreases the risk of cardiovascular diseases, partly because it is accompanied by the moderate increase in serum concentration of HDL cholesterol, decrease in total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and triglycerides, which all result in the improvement in lipid profile in horses which completed the endurance ride.Cilj ovog rada je bio utvrđivanje efekata fizičkog opterećenja različitog intenziteta tokom galopske trke i endjurans trke, na lipidni status trkačkih konja. U ispitivanju su učestvovali zdravi punokrvni trkački konji, starosti 3-5 godina, podeljeni u dve grupe. Prva grupa trkačkih konja podvrgnuta je kratkotrajnom fizičkom opterećenju visokog intenziteta tokom galopske trke na 2400 m, i lipidni status je određivan pre učešća u trci, 48 h i 72 h posle istrčane trke. Druga grupa trkačkih konja podvrgnuta je prolongiranom fizičkom opterećenju niskog intenziteta tokom endjurans trke na 40km, a lipidni status je određivan pre učešća u trci, neposredno posle istrčane trke, 48 h, 72 h, 96 h, 120 h i 144 h posle istrčane trke. Kod fizičkog vežbanja visokog intenziteta parametri lipidnog statusa (ukupni holesterol, HDL-holesterol, LDL-holesterol, slobodni holesterol i trigliceridi) ostaju stabilni u svim ispitivanim vremenskim intervalima u odnosu na bazalne koncentracije (p>0,05). Nakon dugotrajnog fizičkog vežbanja niskog intenziteta uočen je blagi porast koncentracije ukupnog holesterola, HDL-holesterola, slobodnog holesterola i LDL-holesterola odmah nakon endjurans trke na 40km u odnosu na vrednosti pre trke, mada dobijeni rezultati nisu pokazali statističku značajnost (p>0,05). Nasuprot njima, koncentracija LDL-holesterola se povećala neposredno nakon trke, a potom se statistički značajano smanjivala u uzorcima uzetim 96 h, 120 h i 144 h nakon trke u odnosu na vrednost pre trke i neposredno nakon trke (p lt 0,05). Za razliku od galopske trke, neposredno nakon endjurans trke na 40 km došlo je do naglog statistički značajnog pada koncentracije triglicerida (p lt 0,01), a potom je u svim narednim ispitivanim vremenskim intervalima dokazan njihov statistički značajan porast (p lt 0,05 i p lt 0,01) u odnosu na vrednosti triglicerida neposredno nakon trke. Kod galopske trke ustanovljena je međusobna visoka pozitivna korelacija između koncentracije ukupnog holesterola, koncentracije HDL-holesterola i koncentracije triglicerida pre, 72 h i 96 h posle trke (r = 0,9278, p lt 0,001). Kod endjurans trke ustanovljena je medjusobna visoka pozitivna korelacija između koncentracije ukupnog holesterola i HDL-holesterola neposredno nakon trke (r = 0,7395, p lt 0,01), kao i u svim ispitivanim vremenskim intervalima posle endjurans trke. Dokazana je i pozitivna korelacija između koncentracije HDL- holesterola i LDL-holesterola 72 h (r = 0,6843, p lt 0,01) nakon trke. Aerobnim vežbanjem se smanjenje rizik od razvoja kardiovaskularnih bolesti, delimično usled pratećeg umerenog povećanja serumske koncentracije HDL-holesterola uz redukciju ukupnog holesterola, LDL-holesterola i triglicerida, što sve zajedno rezultira poboljšanjem lipidnog profila krvi konja koji su trčali endjurans trku