A quantitative study of Iranian nursing students' knowledge and attitudes towards pain: Implication for education

It is well documented that pain management and pain assessment is an indispensible part of the nursing care of patients. This study sought to quantify the current knowledge and attitudes of nursing students in Iran about pain management. We conducted a cross-sectional study using a well-validated questionnaire entitled the `Knowledge and Attitudes Regarding Pain Tool', previously used to evaluate undergraduate nursing students. Results from the survey questionnaire showed that there was a severe deficit in knowledge relating to pain and its management. It is argued that there is a real need for improving the content of pain and its management in the undergraduate nursing education curriculum, which might improve the delivery of optimal nursing care of patients. The limitations of the study are discussed and some recommendations are made for reforming pain management education for future practice

Approaches and techniques for modelling CO2 emissions from road transport

Transport accounts for around a quarter of CO2 emissions globally. Transport modelling provides a useful means to explore the dynamics, scale and magnitude of transport related emissions. This paper explores the modelling tools available for analysing the emissions of CO2 from transport. Covering a range of techniques from transport microsimulation to global techno-economic models, this review provides insight into the various advantages and shortcomings of these tools. The paper also examines the value of having a broad range of perspectives for analysing emissions from transport. The paper concludes by suggesting that the broad range of models creates a rich environment for exploring a spectrum of policy questions around the emissions from transport, and the potential for combining modelling approaches further enhances the understanding that can be attained