Effects of different commercial solutions in therapy of hypovolemia in dogs

Hypovolemia is represented in the clinical pathology of the dog in a high percentage. It mostly presents an accompanying syndrome in many diseased conditions (vomiting, diarrhea, sequestration, burns, cold burns, ascites periocardiac efusions, and others), while they primarily occur following acule hemorrhagia. Having in mind its diverse etiology, hypovolemia, in addition to a lack of fluids, can also be characterized by various other deficiencies (of electrolytes, proteins, albumins, carbohydrates), which presents an important factor for evaluating the condition of the patient and prescribing the adequate therapy

Protection of Slavonski Brod against torrential flooding

Razmatra se zaštita Brodskog Posavlja od bujičnih potoka s Dilj-gore koji su prijetili Slavonskom Brodu i Jelas-polju do gradnje Istočnoga lateralnog kanala i skretanja voda u rijeku Savu. No poplave iz 2004. i 2005. upozorile su na brojne probleme nastale u međuvremenu kada su na brdskim obroncima izgrađene kuće bez propusta na kanalima i bujičnim potocima. Od 2006. dograđuje se sustav za zaštitu od voda bujičnih vodotoka, a u članku su prikazani izvedeni i planirani radovi.The authorities intend to protect the Brodsko Posavlje region against the Dilj-gora torrential creeks, which used to pose a threat to Slavonski Brod and Jelas polje until construction of the East Lateral Canal, and until diversion of water into the Sava River. The flooding events that occurred in 2004 and 2005 have shed more light on many problems that have occurred in the meantime, when houses were built at foothills, but without culverts on canals and torrential creeks. The system for protection against torrential waters has been steadily expanding since 2006, and the work already realized or planned is presented in the paper

In vitro antibacterial activity of ceftazidime/avibactam in combination against planktonic and biofilm carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from blood

Abstract Objectives The aim of this study was to report on in vitro tests of antibacterial activity of ceftazidime/avibactam in combination against planktonic or biofilm KPC carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae (KPC-Kp), the rate of KPC-Kp blood isolates in University of Perugia Hospital over a 5-year period, and their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns. Methods The antibacterial activity of ceftazidime/avibactam in combination with other antimicrobials was assessed against planktonic and biofilm bacteria by Etest and checkerboard assay. A retrospective review of laboratory data was performed to evaluate the rate of KPC-Kp from blood samples and their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns. Results Between 2014 and 2019, 130/4241 (3.1%) KPC-Kp were identified from blood cultures. Their rate increased from 2.3% in 2014–2015 to 4.5% over the last 3 years. Overall, 4.6% (6/130) of KPC-Kp isolates were susceptible to meropenem, 65.4% (85/130) to colistin, 65.1% (84/129) to tigecycline, 34.6% (45/130) to amikacin, 36.2% (42/116) to gentamicin, 40.2% (39/97) to fosfomycin and 91.5% (65/71) to ceftazidime/avibactam. Five of six ceftazidime/avibactam-resistant KPC-Kp were isolated from patients not treated with ceftazidime/avibactam. Synergism was detected both by Etest and checkerboard assay for the combination of ceftazidime/avibactam plus meropenem against planktonic isolates, whilst lower bactericidal activity was observed in biofilm KPC-Kp isolates. Conclusions Our in vitro data suggest that the combination of ceftazidime/avibactam plus meropenem has a synergistic antibacterial activity against planktonic bacteria, whilst a lower activity was detected against biofilm, suggesting worse clinical outcomes whenever biofilm infections are present. Further analyses are required to confirm these results before extending them to clinical practice

Otkrivanje prisustva PBP2a (Penicillin-binding proteina 2a) i mecA gena kod meticilin rezistentnih Stafilokoka poreklom od životinja

For the purpose of detecting methicillin (oxacillin) resistance in staphylococcal strains, in a number of microbiological laboratories only disc diffusion method with cefoxitin and/or oxacillin discs is used. Besides this method, it is desirable to determine MIC values for cefoxitin and/or oxacillin. After examination by disc diffusion and dilution methods, latex agglutination is used for the detection of PBP2a and PCR is used for the detection of mecA gene. Use of PCR is not possible in a large number of diagnostic laboratories and as method of choice, latex agglutination test for rapid detection of PBP2a is recommended. In this investigation, as confirmatory methods, latex agglutination and PCR were used for strains that were resistant to oxacillin and/or cefoxitin by disc diffusion and broth microdilution methods. In total, 14 strains of coagulase-negative staphylococci originating from clinical specimens of cats, dogs and chicken were examined. Among isolated strains, it was established that the dominating species was Staphylococcus haemolyticus with 11 isolated strains. Other isolated species were Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus capitis and Staphylococcus vitulinus, each with one isolated strain. For all 14 strains, oxacillin MIC values ranged from 0.5 μg/mL to >64 μg/mL and cefoxitin MIC values ranged from 1 μg/mL to >256 μg/mL. Positive agglutination reaction by latex agglutination test was recorded in 13 out of 14 strains. The PCR assay for mecA gene was positive in 12 investigated strains.Radi otkrivanja meticilin (oksacilin)-rezistentnih sojeva stafilokoka u većini mikrobioloških laboratorija koristi se najčešće samo disk difuziona metoda uz primenu antibiogram diskova oksacilina i cefoksitina. Pored navedene metode, poželjno je da se utvrde i vrednosti MIC oksacilina i/ili cefoksitina primenom dilucione metode u bujonu ili agaru. Nakon ispitivanja pomenutim metodama za definitivno utvrđivanje pripadnosti soja grupi meticilin rezistentnih stafilokoka, koriste se metoda lateks aglutinacije za utvrđivanje prisustva PBP2a i PCR metoda za detekciju mecA gena. Kako primena metode PCR nije moguća u većini laboratorija koje se bave rutinskom dijagnostikom, kao metoda izbora preporučuje se lateks aglutinacioni test za brzo otkrivanje PBP2a. U ovom ispitivanju primenjeni su lateks aglutinacioni test i PCR metod, kao potvrdne metode za ispitivanje sojeva stafilokoka koji su bili rezistentni na oksacilin i/ili cefoksitin na osnovu rezultata dobijenih disk difuzionom metodom i mikrodilucionom metodom u bujonu. Ukupno je ispitano 14 sojeva koagulaza - negativnih stafilokoka izolovanih iz kliničkih uzoraka poreklom od pasa, mačaka i kokoši. Među izolovanim sojevima, ustanovljeno je da dominira vrsta Staphylococcus haemolyticus sa 11 izolata, a po jedan soj je izolovan od vrsta Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus capitis i Staphylococcus vitulinus . Vrednosti MIC oksacilina za 14 sojeva iznosile su od 0.5 mg/mL do >64 mg/mL, a vrednosti MIC cefoksitina iznosile su od 1 mg/mL do >256 mg/mL. Kod 13 od 14 sojeva utvrđena je pozitivna reakcija aglutinacije primenom lateks aglutinacionog testa. Kod 12 ispitivanih sojeva je utvrđeno prisustvo mecA gena PCR metodom

Hipertenzija kod pasa i mačaka - uzroci i posledice

During the nineties of the past century, several authors underscored the necessity of measuring blood pressure during a regular clinical examination of veterinary patients, because hypertension occurs as an accessory symptom in the course of diseased conditions. In addition to blood pressure measurements, most authors believe that it is necessary also to examine intraocular pressure, like in human medicine. Hypertension can be defined as a chronic increase of the systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Systemic blood pressure is proportionate to the heart rate and total peripheral resistance, while physiological control depends on the reninangiotensin system, aldosterone, prostaglandin, adrenergic and neurogenic factors. Some other factors can also have an influence on the measured values of blood pressure (such as age, sex, race, temperament, environment, and, in part, also how and where the pressure measurement was taken). It has been generally accepted in veterinary medicine than an animal can be considered hypertensive if the measured systolic/diastolic pressures are higher than 180/100 mm Hg. Hypertension can be primary (sometimes also defined as essential or idiopathic) when it is a consequence of several factors which include heart, neurological, kidney, endocrine, and metabolic aspects. Hypertension is defined as secondary when it occurs as a consequence of certain chronic disorders (such as hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, hyperadrenocorticism, pheochromocytoma, and diabetes mellitus). Blood pressure can be measured in animals using direct or indirect methods. The oscilometric and the ultrasonographic methods are equally used in the world today. Following detailed studies by large numbers of authors, the physiological frameworks of blood pressure in animals have been precisely determined. Different treatments are applied in the therapy of hypertension in animals, such as: restrictive diets, diuretics, a, and (3 blockers, blockers of calcium channels, vasodilators, ACE inhibitors. Hypertension can also be a state that requires emergency treatment, when it is resolved with aggressive therapy.Devedesetih godina prošlog veka više autora je istaklo neophodnost procene krvnog pritiska prilikom uobičajenog kliničkog pregleda veterinarskih pacijenata, jer se hipertenzija javlja kao prateći simptom za vreme različitih bolesnih stanja. Osim merenja krvnog pritiska većina autora smatra daje neophodno da se obavi pregled očnog dna, kao i u humanoj medicini. Hipertenzija može da se definiše kao hronično povećanje sistoličnog i dijastoličnog krvnog pritiska. Sistemski krvni pritisak je proporcionalan srčanom učinku i totalnom perifernom otporu, dok fiziološka kontrola zavisi od renin-angiotenzin sistema, aldosterona, prostaglandina, adrenergičkih i neurogenih faktora. I neki drugi činioci mogu da imaju uticaja na izmerene vrednosti krvnog pritiska (kao što su starost, pol, rasa, temperament, okruženje i delimično način i mesto merenja pritiska). U veterinarskoj medicini generalno je prihvaćeno da se neka životinja može da smatra hipertenzivnom ukoliko izmereni sistolni/dijastolni pritisci prelaze 180/100 mm Hg. Hipertenzija može da bude primarna (nekad definisana i kao esencijalna ili idiopatska) kada je posledica većeg broja faktora, koji uključuju srčane, neurološke, bubrežne, endokrine i metaboličke aspekte. Hipertenzija se definiše kao sekundarna kada se javlja kao posledica nekih hroničnih poremećaja kao što su hipertireoidizam, hipotireoidizam, hiperadrenokorticizam, feohromocitom i dijabetes melitus). Krvni pritisak kod životinja može da se izmeri direktnim i indirektnim metodama. U svetu se danas podjednako koriste i oscilometrijske i ultrasonografske metode. Nakon opsežnih studija većeg broja autora precizno su utvrđeni fiziološki okviri krvnog pritiska kod životinja. U terapiji hipertenzije životinja koriste se različiti tretmani kao što su: restriktivne dijete, diuretici, α1 i β blokatori, blokatori kalcijumovih kanala, vazodilatatori, ACE inhibitori. Hipertenzija može biti i urgentno stanje kada se rešava agresivnom terapijom

The action of selected isothiocyanates on bacterial biofilm prevention and control

The activity of two selected isothiocyanates (ITCs), allylisothiocyanate (AITC) and 2-phenylethy-lisothiocyanate (PEITC) was evaluated on the prevention and control of biofilms formed by Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes. In addition, the effect of ITCs was also tested on planktonic cell susceptibility, bacterial motility and adhesion. Biofilm prevention and control were tested using a microtiter plate assay and the effect of ITCs was assessed on biofilm mass and metabolic activity. The minimum bactericidal concentration for E. coli and P. aeruginosa was 1000 μg mL−1 (AITC) and >1000 μg mL−1 (PEITC), for S. aureus and L. monocytogenes was >1000 μg mL−1 (for both ITCs). AITC caused total inhibition of swimming (P. aeruginosa) and swarming (E. coli) motilities. PEITC caused total inhibition of swimming (E. coli, P. aeruginosa and L. monocytogenes) and swarming (E. coli and P. aeruginosa) motilities. Colony spreading of S. aureus was completely inhibited with PEITC. Adhesion assessed in terms of free energy was less favorable when bacteria were exposed to AITC for E. coli and P. aeruginosa and PEITC for P. aeruginosa. Both ITCs had preventive action on biofilm formation and showed a higher potential to reduce the mass of biofilms formed by the Gram-negative bacteria. AITC and PEITC promoted reductions in biofilm activity higher than 60% for all the biofilms tested. The overall study emphasizes the potential of ITCs as emergent products to inhibit bacterial motility and prevent/control biofilms of important human pathogenic bacteria.This work was supported by Operational Programme for Competitiveness Factors - COMPETE and by FCT - Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology through Projects Bioresist - PTDC/EBB-EBI/105085/2008; Phytodisinfectants - PTDC/DTP-SAP/1078/2012 and the PhD grant awarded to Anabela Borges (SFRH/BD/63398/2009)

Current state of the zoobenthos at the Crimean shores of the Black Sea

The analysis of current state of zoobenthos at the Crimean shores of the Black Sea is fulfilled. The general features of taxonomical structure, regional peculiarities of bottom fauna development and species number distribution pattern with depth are considered. The results obtained testify the absence of species number reduction at the Crimean coastal zone of the Black Sea over the 2nd half of the XX century. Total number of the macrozoobenthos species registered in the Crimea water area exceeds 560. Filter-feeding mollusks (Chamelea gallina and Modiolula phaseolina first of all) became the most pronounced “evolutioning” species, determining the quantitative changes of the bottom fauna over the soft-bottoms of the southwestern Crimea during the period 1930-s – 1990-s. The shift to lesser depths: from the zone of the mussel silts (26-50 m) to the silty-sand (13-25 m) of the most productive benthal belt of the southwestern Crimea is marked. Meiobenthos (eumeiobenthos) of the Crimean shelf includes more than 522 species in total. Formation of specific meiofauna composition in areas of the methane gas seeping is marked. The presence of 38 species and 6 genera of Nematoda, which are registered only in the given conditions testify to this