Am Beispiel Schularchitektur: Selbstwirksamkeit, thematische Relevanz, Ressourcen

In dieser Diplomarbeit soll untersucht werden, ob sich Gruppen von Volksschulleitern in Österreich finden lassen, die sich in ihren Merkmalen, bezüglich des Themas Schularchitektur bzw. der Gestaltung und Nutzung des Schulraums, voneinander unterscheiden und welchen Einfluss dabei die Selbstwirksamkeitserwartung der Schulleiter hat. Der erste Teil dieser Arbeit dient der theoretischen Einführung in die Thematik der Schularchitektur, Schulleiter und Selbstwirksamkeit. Es wird die Relevanz des Themas Schularchitektur und ihre Wirkung aufgezeigt. Weiters wird ein Überblick über die Einflussmöglichkeiten von Schulleitern im Bereich Schulbau und Gestaltung gegeben und auf die Wirkung der Selbstwirksamkeitserwartung von Schulleitern auf die Umsetzung von innovativen Projekten im Bereich Schularchitektur eingegangen. Der zweite Teil dieser Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der empirischen Analyse des Datenmaterials. Aufbauend auf eine Studie von Horne-Martin (2002) gilt es zu untersuchen, ob sich Gruppen von Schulleitern bilden, die sich in der thematischen Relevanz die sie der Schularchitektur zuschreiben, der Informiertheit darüber, der Bereitschaft zur Umsetzung und der tatsächlichen Umsetzung innovativer Projekte im Bereich Schularchitektur, voneinander unterscheiden und welche Wirkung die Selbstwirksamkeit der Schulleiter in diesem Zusammenhang hat. Es kann gezeigt werden, dass sich vier Gruppen von Volksschulleitern finden lassen, die sich hinsichtlich der genannten Merkmale voneinander unterscheiden und dass Schulleiter, die das Thema Schularchitektur als relevant erachten, sich darüber ausreichend informiert fühlen und sich eine positive Selbstwirksamkeitserwartung zuschreiben, eher innovative Projekte im Bereich Schulraumgestaltung umsetzen.The following study investigates if there are heads of primary schools in Austria who have different opinions on school architecture and in how far the headmasters’ self-efficacy influences on decisions concerning the architectural design of the school. The first part of the paper introduces relevant theory concerning the topics of headmasters, self-efficacy and the importance of school architecture. An overview of possible school designs as well as an analysis of possible influence by the principal on school architecture is given. Also, the influence of self-efficacy of headmasters on innovative project designs is analysed. The second part of the paper is concerned with the empirical analysis of the data. Based on a study by Horne-Martin (2002), the aim was to differentiate headmasters concerning the importance they place on school architecture and their readiness to invest in innovative projects. It was investigated whether there are different groups of headmasters concerning above mentioned characteristics and what the role of self-efficacy is. It can be shown that there are four different groups of primary heads which can be differentiated. Headmasters who consider school architecture to be important, who feel well informed about the topic, and who have a positive attitude concerning their self-efficacy, are more prone to implement innovative projects concerning school architecture

Simultaneous LC-MS/MS quantification of SGLT2 inhibitors and antipyrine in medium and tissue from human ex vivo placenta perfusions

A liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method has been developed to simultaneously measure four sodium glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors and the transfer marker antipyrine (ANTI) in perfusion medium and placental tissue collected from ex vivo human placental perfusions. The four SGLT2 inhibitors were empagliflozin (EMPA), dapagliflozin (DAPA), ertugliflozin (ERTU) and canagliflozin (CANA). Chromatographic separation was achieved on an Uptisphere® C18 reversed phase column (50 mm × 4.6 mm × 5 µm) within 2.85 min, using a gradient elution with 10 mM ammonium formate in water (mobile phase A) and acetonitrile (mobile phase B) both with 0.1% formic acid. Analysis of ammonium adduct ions was performed on an AB SCIEX 6500+ triple quadrupole mass spectrometer using positive electrospray ionisation and scheduled multiple reaction monitoring (sMRM). The transitions were m/z 468.00 → 355.20 (EMPA), m/z 426.00 → 167.20 (DAPA), m/z 437.10 → 206.90 (ERTU), m/z 462.00 → 249.00 (CANA) and m/z 189.20 → 55.90 (ANTI). The method was validated according to the European Medicines Agency guidelines and was proven to be selective, linear within a concentration range of 1-1000 µg/L (DAPA, CANA, ANTI) and 1-500 µg/L (EMPA, ERTU), accurate, precise and free of carry-over, instabilities, recovery and matrix effect issues. This newly developed method is suitable to analyse perfusion medium and placenta tissue samples collected during ex vivo human placenta perfusions. It thereby enables quantification of transport across the placental barrier of the SGLT2 inhibitors EMPA, DAPA, ERTU and CANA as well as the transfer marker ANTI

Cell Wall Reinforcements Accompany Chilling and Freezing Stress in the Streptophyte Green AlgaKlebsormidium crenulatum

Adaptation strategies in freezing resistance were investigated inKlebsormidium crenulatum, an early branching streptophyte green alga related to higher plants.Klebsormidiumgrows naturally in unfavorable environments like alpine biological soil crusts, exposed to desiccation, high irradiation and cold stress. Here, chilling and freezing induced alterations of the ultrastructure were investigated. Control samples (kept at 20 degrees C) were compared to chilled (4 degrees C) as well as extracellularly frozen algae (-2 and -4 degrees C). A software-controlled laboratory freezer (AFU, automatic freezing unit) was used for algal exposure to various temperatures and freezing was manually induced. Samples were then high pressure frozen and cryo-substituted for electron microscopy. Control cells had a similar appearance in size and ultrastructure as previously reported. While chilling stressed algae only showed minor ultrastructural alterations, such as small inward facing cell wall plugs and minor alterations of organelles, drastic changes of the cell wall and in organelle distribution were found in extracellularly frozen samples (-2 degrees C and -4 degrees C). In frozen samples, the cytoplasm was not retracted from the cell wall, but extensive three-dimensional cell wall layers were formed, most prominently in the corners of the cells, as determined by FIB-SEM and TEM tomography. Similar alterations/adaptations of the cell wall were not reported or visualized inKlebsormidiumbefore, neither in controls, nor during other stress scenarios. This indicates that the cell wall is reinforced by these additional wall layers during freezing stress. Cells allowed to recover from freezing stress (-2 degrees C) for 5 h at 20 degrees C lost these additional cell wall layers, suggesting their dynamic formation. The composition of these cell wall reinforcement areas was investigated by immuno-TEM. In addition, alterations of structure and distribution of mitochondria, dictyosomes and a drastically increased endoplasmic reticulum were observed in frozen cells by TEM and TEM tomography. Measurements of the photosynthetic oxygen production showed an acclimation ofKlebsormidiumto chilling stress, which correlates with our findings on ultrastructural alterations of morphology and distribution of organelles. The cell wall reinforcement areas, together with the observed changes in organelle structure and distribution, are likely to contribute to maintenance of an undisturbed cell physiology and to adaptation to chilling and freezing stress

Establishment and functional testing of a novel ex vivo extraskeletal osteosarcoma cell model (USZ20-ESOS1)

Extraskeletal osteosarcoma (ESOS) is a rare malignant mesenchymal tumor that originates in the soft tissue. ESOS accounts for less than 1% of all soft tissue sarcomas and exhibits an aggressive behavior with a high propensity for local recurrence and distant metastasis. Despite advances in treatment, the prognosis for ESOS remains poor, with a five-year survival rate of less than 50% and 27% for metastatic patients. Ex vivo models derived from patient samples are critical tools for studying rare diseases with poor prognoses, such as ESOS, and identifying potential new treatment strategies. In this work, we established a novel ESOS ex vivo sarco-sphere model from a metastatic lesion to the dermis for research and functional testing purposes. The ex vivo cell model accurately recapitulated the native tumor, as evidenced by histomorphology and molecular profiles. Through a functional screening approach, we were able to identify novel individual anti-cancer drug sensitivities for different drugs such as romidepsin, miverbresib and to multiple kinase inhibitors. Overall, our new ESOS ex vivo cell model represents a valuable tool for investigating disease mechanisms and answering basic and translational research questions

Twenty-four or Four-and-twenty : Language Modulates Cross-Modal Matching for Multi-Digit Numbers in Children and Adults

Does number–word structure have a long-lasting impact on transcoding? Contrary to English, German number words comprise decade–unit inversion (e.g., vierundzwanzig is literally translated as four-and-twenty). To investigate the mental representation of numbers, we tested the effect of visual and linguistic–morphological characteristics on the development of verbal–visual transcoding. In a longitudinal cross-linguistic design, response times (RTs) in a number-matching experiment were analyzed in Grade 2 (119 German-speaking and 179 English-speaking children) and in Grade 3 (131 German-speaking and 160 English-speaking children). To test for long-term effects, the same experiment was given to 38 German-speaking and 42 English-speaking adults. Participants needed to decide whether a spoken number matched a subsequent visual Arabic number. Systematic variation of digits in the nonmatching distractors allowed comparison of three different transcoding accounts (lexicalization, visual, and linguistic–morphological). German speakers were generally slower in rejecting inverted number distractors than English speakers. Across age groups, German speakers were more distracted by Arabic numbers that included the correct unit digit, whereas English speakers showed stronger distraction when the correct decade digit was included. These RT patterns reflect differences in number–word morphology. The individual cost of rejecting an inverted distractor (inversion effect) predicted arithmetic skills in German-speaking second-graders only. The moderate relationship between the efficiency to identify a matching number and arithmetic performance could be observed cross-linguistically in all age groups but was not significant in German-speaking adults. Thus, findings provide consistent evidence of a persistent impact of number–word structure on number processing, whereas the relationship with arithmetic performance was particularly pronounced in young children

Wie lernt es sich gemeinsam im virtuellen Raum? Didaktische und soziale Dimensionen von Breakout-Rooms

Der Beitrag untersucht die didaktischen und sozialen Dimensionen des kooperativen Lernens in Breakout-Rooms. Letztere werden als soziale Arrangements definiert, deren Interaktionsprozesse unter bestimmten Bedingungen lernforderliche Wirkung erzielen können. Im Rahmen eines Mixed-Methods-Ansatzes werden Studierende eines berufspädagogischen Masterstudiengangs befragt, wobei in einer quantitativen Erhebung zunächst ihre Einschätzungen in Bezug auf Rahmenbedingungen und Merkmale von Breakout-Rooms untersucht werden. In der anschließenden qualitativen Erhebung werden diese Befunde vertieft und die Studierenden danach gefragt, was die Qualität der Zusammenarbeit ausmacht. Die Ergebnisse unterstreichen den Einfluss, den Faktoren wie Zeit, Gruppengröße und Gruppenzusammensetzung auf die Zusammenarbeit in Breakout-Rooms haben. Folglich verlangen virtuelle Räume einen reflektierten Einsatz von Methoden und klar strukturierte Arbeitsaufträge. Die Lehrperson tritt dabei nur scheinbar in den Hintergrund, denn ihre Rolle bleibt für die Vorbereitung und Moderation des Lernprozesses ebenso entscheidend wie für dessen Ergebnissicherung. Einige dieser Implikationen bringen wir abschließend in Vorschlägen für den Praxistransfer auf den Punkt. (DIPF/Orig.

Asylum seeker trauma in a student-run clinic: reducing barriers to forensic medical evaluations

Introduction: The number of forcibly displaced immigrants entering the United States continues to rapidly increase. Movement from Latin America across the southern border of the United States was the third-largest migration worldwide in 2017; the U.S. now serves as home to one-fifth of the world’s migrants (Budiman, 2020; Leyva-Flores et al., 2019). Reporting on the first two years of clients receiving forensic medical evaluations (FMEs) conducted by clinicians trained at University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), this descriptive study demonstrates the multiple layers and types of trauma in asylum seekers presenting to a student-run asylum clinic (SRAC) at an academic medical center.   Methods: A retrospective review of the first 102 asylum seekers presenting to a university-affiliated SRAC for forensic medical and psychological evaluations is summarized. Demographics, immigration history, medical and mental health histories, descriptions of extensive trauma and referral patterns are reported. Multivariate statistics were employed to investigate the relationship between past trauma and current mental health status.   Results: Clients reported extensive trauma histories, with an average of 4.4 different types of ill-treatment per person, including physical, psychological, and sexual violence. The current mental health burden was extensive with 86.9 percent of clients reporting symptoms of PTSD and/or depression. Clients were evaluated within a clinic structure that intentionally aligns with SAMHSA’s implementation domains of trauma-informed care using a continuous improvement model to reduce barriers to FMEs and promote longitudinal follow-up and referral access.   Discussion: This study demonstrates the profound trauma exposure reported by asylum seekers, as well as the adaptation of a SRAC to better respond to complex trauma through intentional structural and leadership decisions. The HRC experience provides a blueprint for other asylum clinics to implement systematic trauma-centered services

CD4 + T cells are found within endemic Burkitt lymphoma and modulate Burkitt lymphoma precursor cell viability and expression of pathogenically relevant Epstein-Barr virus genes.

Endemic Burkitt lymphoma (eBL) is an aggressive B cell cancer characterized by an IgH/c-myc translocation and the harboring of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Evidence accumulates that CD4 + T cells might contribute to eBL pathogenesis. Here, we investigate the presence of CD4 + T cells in primary eBL tissue and their potential dichotomous impact on an EBV-infected pre-eBL cell model using ex vivo material and in vitro co-cultures. In addition, we establish a novel method to study the effect of IgH/c-myc translocation in primary B cells by employing a CRISPR/Cas9 knock-in approach to introduce and tag de novo translocation. We unprecedently document that CD4 + T cells are present in primary eBL tumor tissue. Furthermore, we demonstrate that CD4 + T cells on the one hand suppress eBL development by killing pre-eBL cells lacking IgH/c-myc translocation in vitro and on the other hand indirectly promote eBL development by inducing crucial EBV Latency III to Latency I switching in pre-eBL cells. Finally, we show that while the mere presence of an IgH/c-myc translocation does not suffice to escape CD4 + T-cell-mediated killing in vitro, the CD4 + T-cell-mediated suppression of EBV's Latency III program in vivo may allow cells harboring an IgH/c-myc translocation and additional mutations to evade immune control and proliferate by means of deregulated c-myc activity, resulting in neoplasia. Thus, our study highlights the dichotomous effects of CD4 + T cells and the mechanisms involved in eBL pathogenesis, suggests mechanisms of their impact on eBL progression, and provides a novel in vitro model for further investigation of IgH/c-myc translocation

Language effects in early development of number writing and reading

Reading and writing multi-digit numbers requires accurate switching between Arabic numbers and spoken number words. This is particularly challenging in languages with number word inversion such as German (24 is pronounced as four-and-twenty) as reported by Zuber, Pixner, Moeller, and Nuerk (2009). The current study aimed to replicate the qualitative error analysis by Zuber et al. and further extended their study in a number of critical ways: (1) A cross-linguistic (German, English) analysis enabled us to differentiate between language-dependent and more general challenges of transcoding. (2) We investigated whether specific number structures influence accuracy rates. (3) To consider both transcoding directions (from Arabic numbers to number words and vice versa), we assessed performance for number reading in addition to number writing. (4) Our longitudinal design allowed us to investigate the development of transcoding between Grades 1 and 2. We assessed 170 German- and 264 English-speaking children. Children wrote and read the same set of 44 one-, two- and three- digit numbers including the same number structures as Zuber et al. For German, we confirmed that a high amount of errors in number writing was inversion-related. For English, the percentage of inversion-related errors was very low. Accuracy rates were strongly related to number syntax. The impact of number structures was independent of transcoding direction or grade level and revealed cross-linguistic challenges of reading and writing multi-digit numbers. For instance, transcoding of three-digit numbers containing a syntactic zero (e.g., 109) was significantly more accurate than transcoding of items with a lexical zero (e.g., 190). Based on our findings we suggest adaptations of current transcoding models