Determination of contents of macroelements and microelements in samples of mushroom macrolepiota procera and soil substrates from Rasina region

Pečurke, u zavisnosti od vrste, imaju više ili manje razvijen efikasan mehanizam apsorpcije makroelemenata i mikroelemenata. Zemljište predstavlja glavni izvor velikog broja elemenata za njih. U zavisnosti od porekla, spoljašnjih uticaja i antropogenih aktivnosti, koncentracije elemenata u zemljištu mogu varirati u širokom opsegu. Od oblika i jačine veze elemenata sa supstratom zavisi njihova mobilnost i biodostupnost. U cilju ispitivanja sposobnosti akumulacije elemenata jestive divlje vrste pečurke Macrolepiota procera, određen je sadržaj 20 makroelemenata i mikroelemenata (Al, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sr, Ti, Zn, Ag, Se, As, Ca, Mg, Na i K) u njenim šeširima i stabljikama, sakupljenim na pet lokacija u Rasinskom okrugu, kao i u njihovim zemljišnim supstratima. Zemljišni supstrati su pripremani na dva načina: 1) prema modifikovanoj BCR sekvencijalnoj ekstrakcionoj proceduri sa četiri faze, radi podele na frakcije: kiselo-rastvorne/izmenjive, reducibilne, oksidabilne i rezidualne i 2) razaranjem u carskoj vodi, u cilju određivanja pseudototalne koncentracije elemenata. Za merenje sadržaja svih elemenata u pečurkama, osim Ca, Mg, Na i K, primenjena je indukovano spregnuta plazma sa masenom spektrometrijom (ICP-MS), dok su ovi makroelementi, kao i svi elementi u zemljištu određivani indukovano spregnutom plazmom sa optičko emisionom spektometrijom (ICP-OES). Koncentracije makroelemenata nalazile su se u opsegu uobičajenom za ovu vrstu pečurke. Rezultati sadržaja elemenata u zemljištu i pečurkama podvrgnuti su multivarijantnoj analizi podataka. Analiza glavnih komponenata (Principal Component Analysis, PCA) istakla je razliku u uzorcima pečuraka sa različitih geografskih područja i otkrila uticaj sastava zemljišta na sadržaj elemenata u pečurkama. Hijerarhijska klasterska analiza (HCA) potvrdila je da su prve tri faze BCR sekvencijalne ekstrakcije najvažnije za apsorpciju elemenata iz zemljišta od strane pečuraka. Rezultati linearne regresione korelacije pokazali su da postoje značajne korelacije između sadržaja Ag, Cd, Se, Pb i As u šeširima i stabljikama sa različitih lokacija. Izračunati su biokoncentracioni (BCF) i translokacioni faktori (TF) za svaki element. M. procera značajno akumulira Cd, Cu, Ag i K, u manjem obimu Zn, dok vrednosti BCF za Se i Na pokazuju različito ponašanje, u zavisnosti od lokacije. Dobijene vrednosti TF ukazuju na efikasnu translokaciju od stabljike do šešira metalnih jona Cd, Zn, Cu i u nešto manjem obimu, zavisno od lokacije, Pb i As. Što se tiče nutritivne vrednosti, rezultati pokazuju da M. procera može služiti kao dobar izvor esencijalnih elemenata, kao što su Cu, Zn, Mn, Fe, Mg, K i Se. Ipak, zbog povećane koncentracije kadmijuma, a na pojedinim lokacijama i olova, konzumacija ove vrste pečurke sa ispitivanih područja može predstavljati rizik po zdravlje konzumenata za vreme sezone njihovog branja.Mushrooms, depending on species, have more or less developed mechanism of absorption macroelements and microelements. Soil represents the main source of a large number of elements to them. Depending of the origin, external influences and antropogenic activities, concentrations of elements in soil may vary over a wide range. Mobility and bioavailability of elements depend of their forms and the bond strength with their soil substrate. In order to investigate the mobility and availability of elements from soil to mushrooms, the content of twenty elements (Al, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sr, Ti, Zn, Ag, Se, As, Ca, Mg, Na and K) in caps and stipes of wild-grown edible mushroom Macrolepiota procera and soil substrates, collected from five sites in Rasina region, was determined. Soil substrates were prepared in two different ways: 1) according to the modified sequential extraction procedure proposed by the Community Bureau of Reference in order to fractionate acid-soluble/exchangeable, reducible, oxidizable and residual fractions and 2) digestion with aqua regia in order to determine the pseudototal concentrations of elements. The content of all elements in mushroom, except Ca, Mg, Na and K was determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS), while the content of these macroelements and all elements in soil substrates was determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES). Concentrations of macroelements were in the range of usual concentrations for this mushroom specie. The results of the contents of elements in soils and mushrooms were subjected to multivariate data analysis. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) distinguished the mushrooms samples from different geographical area and revealed the influence of soil composition on metal content in fruiting bodies. Hierarchical cluster analyses (HCA) confirmed that the first three phases of extraction were the most important for metal uptake by mushrooms from soil. Results of the linear regression correlation test showed the existence of significant correlations between contents of Ag, Cd, Se, Pb and As in caps and stipes at different geographic sites separately. The bioconcentration factors and translocation factors for each metal were calculated. These results indicated that M. procera significantly accumulates cadmium, copper, silver and potassium, and to a lesser extent zinc, while the BCF values for selenium and sodium showed different behaviour, depending on the geographic sites. Obtained TF values showed efficient translocation of Cd, Zn and Cu ions, from stipe to cap, and to a lesser extent, depending on sites, lead and arsenic. As far as the nutritional value concern, the results showed that M. procera could serve as a good dietary source of essential elements, especially Cu, Zn, Mn, Fe, Mg, K and Se. However, because of high concentrations of cadmium, and at some sites, lead, the consumption of this mushroom specie from investigated areas, may pose a health risk for consumers during the “season of mushrooms.

Analitička primena derivativne spektrofotometrije

1. Introduction 2. Basic characteristics of derivative spectrophotometry 2.1. Increase of spectra resolution 2.2. Elimination of the influence of baseline shift and matrix interferences 2.3. Enhancement of the detectability of minor spectral features 2.4. Precise determination of the positions of absorption maxima 2.5. Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) 2.6. Quantitative analysis 3. Analytical applications 3.1. Inorganic analysis 3.2. Organic and pharmaceutical analysis 3.3. Analysis of food and water 3.4. Application of derivative spectrophotometry for the determination of equilibrium constants.Razmatrani su osnovni principi derivativne spektrofotometrije (DS) i njene prednosti i ograničenja u odnosu na normalnu spektrofotometriju. Dat je pregled analitičke primene DS u različitim oblastima: neorganskoj i organskoj analizi, analizi farmaceutskih preparata, kliničkoj analizi, analizi hrane, hemije životne sredine, hemijskoj ravnoteži

Planovi i programi fizičkog vaspitanja u procesu obuke u JNA u periodu 1945-1950. godine

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Direct correlation between compression stockings and venotonics (Diosmins) and flow vein diseases in stomatology students

Diseases of veins are considered one of the most common diseases of modern man, right after caries of teeth. Those diseases usually come to exist as a result of genetic and/or other pre-dispositioning factors, however, in most cases, those factors can be effectively tamed through preventive and therapeutic methods. Two studies were carried out on randomly selected third and fourth year stomatology college students. In the first study, we solely focused on the effects of monotherapy compression stockings. The second study was a continuation of the first and the respondents were asked to take venotonic Diosmin (Detralex 1000 mg) in addition to wearing compression stockings. In the group of 30 patients, 49% had positive family history of the disease, and in total, 70% showed signs of discomfort and diseases related to venous system. Ten respondents who showed major problems or pathological changes, were given custom made Sigvaris graduated compression stockings, which they wore for eight weeks. Final results of the first study showed that the feeling of heaviness in the legs reduced in 55.55% of respondents, while 66.66% patients recorded reduced pain in legs when standing for a long time. Issues of swelling of the bottom of the feet and lower legs disappeared for all patients. In the second study, which included adding a dose of Diosmin in addition to compression stockings, 66.66% of the patients saw signs of heaviness feeling in the legs improve, 77.77% recorded that pain in the legs when standing for a long time decreased and 100% of patients saw swelling of the bottom of the feet and lower legs disappear. This eight week study was too short to show significant signs of improvement in varicose, however, we expect that in six months, patients will begin to show signs of improvement in varicose altered veins. When comparing the results of the first and second study, we concluded that the three-month combination therapy of compression stockings and Diosmin yielded 12.5% better results of reduction of the following symptoms: feeling of heaviness in the legs, pain in the legs when standing for a long time, then when just using the compression socks (study 1).Oboljenja vena spadaju u najučestalije bolesti savremenog čoveka,odmah posle kariesa zuba. Na njihov nastanak utiču nasledni i stečeni faktori. Stečeni fatori rizika najčešće su okidač za aktiviranje naslednih faltora (predispozicije) na koje se može efikasno delovati, kako preventivno tako i terapijski. U Hirurškoj klinici KBC Zvezdara, nastavnoj bazi Stomatološkog fakulteta Univerziteta u Beogradu, sprovedene su dve studije na studentima IV i V godine slučajnim izborom ispitanika. U prvoj studiji su opservirani efekti monoterapije kompresivnim čarapama na tok oboljenja vena, druga studija je nastavak prve i ispitanici su pored kompresivnih čarapa uzimali i venotonik Diosmin (Detralex 1000 mg). U grupi od 30 ispitanika znake oboljenja vezane za venski sistem pokazalo je 70% ispitanika, a pozitivnu porodičnu anamnezu je imalo 49% ispitanika. Deset ispitanika je imalo značajne tegobe ili patološke promene koje su zahtevale neku terapiju i dobili su graduisane kompresivne čarape po meri firme Sigvaris, koje su nosili 8 nedelja. Završni rezultati prve studije pokazali su da je poboljšanje osećaja težine u nogama osetilo 55,55% ispitanika, smanjenje bolova u nogama pri dužem stajanju zabeleženo je kod 66,66% ispitanika, otoke stopala i potkolenica nije imao više nijedan ispitanik (smanjenje tegoba 100%) U drugoj studiji, u kojoj je pored kompresivnih čarapa bio uključen i venotonik nakon osam nedeljne primene kombinovane terapije poboljšanje simptoma osećaja težine u nogama osetilo je 66,66% ispitanika, bolove kod dužeg stajanja 77,77%, dok se i u ovoj studiji pokazalo da otoke stopala i potkolenica na kraju studije nije imao nijedan ispitanik (100% poboljšanje). Za povlačenje varikoziteta je studija bila suviše kratka ali posle 6 meci je za očekivati i poboljšanje stanja varikozno izmenjenih vena. Komparacijom rezultata prve i druge studije došli smo do zaključka da je tromesečna kombinovana terapija kompresivnim čarapama i venotonikom dala bolje rezultate za 12,5% u smanjenju simptoma osećaja težine u nogama i bolova u nogama pri dužem stajanju u odnosu na monoterapiju samo kompresivnim sredstvima

Uticaj graduisanih kompresivnih čarapa i venotonika (diosmina) na tok oboljenja vena kod studenata stomatologije

Diseases of veins are considered one of the most common diseases of modern man, right after caries of teeth. Those diseases usually come to exist as a result of genetic and/or other pre-dispositioning factors, however, in most cases, those factors can be effectively tamed through preventive and therapeutic methods. Two studies were carried out on randomly selected third and fourth year stomatology college students. In the first study, we solely focused on the effects of monotherapy compression stockings. The second study was a continuation of the first and the respondents were asked to take venotonic Diosmin (Detralex 1000 mg) in addition to wearing compression stockings. In the group of 30 patients, 49% had positive family history of the disease, and in total, 70% showed signs of discomfort and diseases related to venous system. Ten respondents who showed major problems or pathological changes, were given custom made Sigvaris graduated compression stockings, which they wore for eight weeks. Final results of the first study showed that the feeling of heaviness in the legs reduced in 55.55% of respondents, while 66.66% patients recorded reduced pain in legs when standing for a long time. Issues of swelling of the bottom of the feet and lower legs disappeared for all patients. In the second study, which included adding a dose of Diosmin in addition to compression stockings, 66.66% of the patients saw signs of heaviness feeling in the legs improve, 77.77% recorded that pain in the legs when standing for a long time decreased and 100% of patients saw swelling of the bottom of the feet and lower legs disappear. This eight week study was too short to show significant signs of improvement in varicose, however, we expect that in six months, patients will begin to show signs of improvement in varicose altered veins. When comparing the results of the first and second study, we concluded that the three-month combination therapy of compression stockings and Diosmin yielded 12.5% better results of reduction of the following symptoms: feeling of heaviness in the legs, pain in the legs when standing for a long time, then when just using the compression socks (study 1).Oboljenja vena spadaju u najučestalije bolesti savremenog čoveka,odmah posle kariesa zuba. Na njihov nastanak utiču nasledni i stečeni faktori. Stečeni fatori rizika najčešće su okidač za aktiviranje naslednih faltora (predispozicije) na koje se može efikasno delovati, kako preventivno tako i terapijski. U Hirurškoj klinici KBC Zvezdara, nastavnoj bazi Stomatološkog fakulteta Univerziteta u Beogradu, sprovedene su dve studije na studentima IV i V godine slučajnim izborom ispitanika. U prvoj studiji su opservirani efekti monoterapije kompresivnim čarapama na tok oboljenja vena, druga studija je nastavak prve i ispitanici su pored kompresivnih čarapa uzimali i venotonik Diosmin (Detralex 1000 mg). U grupi od 30 ispitanika znake oboljenja vezane za venski sistem pokazalo je 70% ispitanika, a pozitivnu porodičnu anamnezu je imalo 49% ispitanika. Deset ispitanika je imalo značajne tegobe ili patološke promene koje su zahtevale neku terapiju i dobili su graduisane kompresivne čarape po meri firme Sigvaris, koje su nosli 8 nedelja. Završni rezultati prve studije pokazali su da je poboljšanje osećaja težine u nogama osetilo 55,55% ispitanika, smanjenje bolova u nogama pri dužem stajanju zabeleženo je kod 66,66% ispitanika, otoke stopala i potkolenica nije imao više nijedan ispitanik (smanjenje tegoba 100%) U drugoj studiji, u kojoj je pored kompresivnih čarapa bio uključen i venotonik nakon osam nedeljne primene kombinovane terapije poboljšanje simptoma osećaja težine u nogama osetilo je 66,66% ispitanika, bolove kod dužeg stajanja 77,77%, dok se i u ovoj studiji pokazalo da otoke stopala i potkolenica na kraju studije nije imao nijedan ispitanik (100% poboljšanje). Za povlačenje varikoziteta je studija bila suviše kratka ali posle 6 meci je za očekivati i poboljšanje stanja varikozno izmenjenih vena. Komparacijom rezultata prve i druge studije dosli smo do zaključka da je tromesečna kombinovana terapija kompresivnim čarapama i venotonikom dala bolje rezultate za 12,5% u smanjenju simptoma osećaja težine u nogama i bolova u nogama pri dužem stajanju u odnosu na monoterapiju samo kompresivnim sredstvima

Determination of contents of macroelements and microelements in samples of mushroom macrolepiota procera and soil substrates from Rasina region

Pečurke, u zavisnosti od vrste, imaju više ili manje razvijen efikasan mehanizam apsorpcije makroelemenata i mikroelemenata. Zemljište predstavlja glavni izvor velikog broja elemenata za njih. U zavisnosti od porekla, spoljašnjih uticaja i antropogenih aktivnosti, koncentracije elemenata u zemljištu mogu varirati u širokom opsegu. Od oblika i jačine veze elemenata sa supstratom zavisi njihova mobilnost i biodostupnost. U cilju ispitivanja sposobnosti akumulacije elemenata jestive divlje vrste pečurke Macrolepiota procera, određen je sadržaj 20 makroelemenata i mikroelemenata (Al, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sr, Ti, Zn, Ag, Se, As, Ca, Mg, Na i K) u njenim šeširima i stabljikama, sakupljenim na pet lokacija u Rasinskom okrugu, kao i u njihovim zemljišnim supstratima. Zemljišni supstrati su pripremani na dva načina: 1) prema modifikovanoj BCR sekvencijalnoj ekstrakcionoj proceduri sa četiri faze, radi podele na frakcije: kiselo-rastvorne/izmenjive, reducibilne, oksidabilne i rezidualne i 2) razaranjem u carskoj vodi, u cilju određivanja pseudototalne koncentracije elemenata. Za merenje sadržaja svih elemenata u pečurkama, osim Ca, Mg, Na i K, primenjena je indukovano spregnuta plazma sa masenom spektrometrijom (ICP-MS), dok su ovi makroelementi, kao i svi elementi u zemljištu određivani indukovano spregnutom plazmom sa optičko emisionom spektometrijom (ICP-OES). Koncentracije makroelemenata nalazile su se u opsegu uobičajenom za ovu vrstu pečurke. Rezultati sadržaja elemenata u zemljištu i pečurkama podvrgnuti su multivarijantnoj analizi podataka. Analiza glavnih komponenata (Principal Component Analysis, PCA) istakla je razliku u uzorcima pečuraka sa različitih geografskih područja i otkrila uticaj sastava zemljišta na sadržaj elemenata u pečurkama. Hijerarhijska klasterska analiza (HCA) potvrdila je da su prve tri faze BCR sekvencijalne ekstrakcije najvažnije za apsorpciju elemenata iz zemljišta od strane pečuraka. Rezultati linearne regresione korelacije pokazali su da postoje značajne korelacije između sadržaja Ag, Cd, Se, Pb i As u šeširima i stabljikama sa različitih lokacija. Izračunati su biokoncentracioni (BCF) i translokacioni faktori (TF) za svaki element. M. procera značajno akumulira Cd, Cu, Ag i K, u manjem obimu Zn, dok vrednosti BCF za Se i Na pokazuju različito ponašanje, u zavisnosti od lokacije. Dobijene vrednosti TF ukazuju na efikasnu translokaciju od stabljike do šešira metalnih jona Cd, Zn, Cu i u nešto manjem obimu, zavisno od lokacije, Pb i As. Što se tiče nutritivne vrednosti, rezultati pokazuju da M. procera može služiti kao dobar izvor esencijalnih elemenata, kao što su Cu, Zn, Mn, Fe, Mg, K i Se. Ipak, zbog povećane koncentracije kadmijuma, a na pojedinim lokacijama i olova, konzumacija ove vrste pečurke sa ispitivanih područja može predstavljati rizik po zdravlje konzumenata za vreme sezone njihovog branja.Mushrooms, depending on species, have more or less developed mechanism of absorption macroelements and microelements. Soil represents the main source of a large number of elements to them. Depending of the origin, external influences and antropogenic activities, concentrations of elements in soil may vary over a wide range. Mobility and bioavailability of elements depend of their forms and the bond strength with their soil substrate. In order to investigate the mobility and availability of elements from soil to mushrooms, the content of twenty elements (Al, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sr, Ti, Zn, Ag, Se, As, Ca, Mg, Na and K) in caps and stipes of wild-grown edible mushroom Macrolepiota procera and soil substrates, collected from five sites in Rasina region, was determined. Soil substrates were prepared in two different ways: 1) according to the modified sequential extraction procedure proposed by the Community Bureau of Reference in order to fractionate acid-soluble/exchangeable, reducible, oxidizable and residual fractions and 2) digestion with aqua regia in order to determine the pseudototal concentrations of elements. The content of all elements in mushroom, except Ca, Mg, Na and K was determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS), while the content of these macroelements and all elements in soil substrates was determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES). Concentrations of macroelements were in the range of usual concentrations for this mushroom specie. The results of the contents of elements in soils and mushrooms were subjected to multivariate data analysis. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) distinguished the mushrooms samples from different geographical area and revealed the influence of soil composition on metal content in fruiting bodies. Hierarchical cluster analyses (HCA) confirmed that the first three phases of extraction were the most important for metal uptake by mushrooms from soil. Results of the linear regression correlation test showed the existence of significant correlations between contents of Ag, Cd, Se, Pb and As in caps and stipes at different geographic sites separately. The bioconcentration factors and translocation factors for each metal were calculated. These results indicated that M. procera significantly accumulates cadmium, copper, silver and potassium, and to a lesser extent zinc, while the BCF values for selenium and sodium showed different behaviour, depending on the geographic sites. Obtained TF values showed efficient translocation of Cd, Zn and Cu ions, from stipe to cap, and to a lesser extent, depending on sites, lead and arsenic. As far as the nutritional value concern, the results showed that M. procera could serve as a good dietary source of essential elements, especially Cu, Zn, Mn, Fe, Mg, K and Se. However, because of high concentrations of cadmium, and at some sites, lead, the consumption of this mushroom specie from investigated areas, may pose a health risk for consumers during the “season of mushrooms.

Study on protolytic equilibria of lorazepam and oxazepam by UV and NMR spectroscopy

Protolytic equilibria in homogeneous and heterogeneous systems of lorazepam and oxazepam, which are sparingly soluble ampholytes from the class of 1,4-benzodiazepines, were studied at 25 degreesC and ionic strength of 0.1 M. Acidity constants and equilibrium constants in a heterogeneous system were determined. On the basis of the analysis of the corresponding C-13- and H-1-NMR spectra, deprotonation site in the molecules of the investigated compounds was predicted. Finally, the correlation between chemical shifts in the H-1-NMR spectra and the acidity of the amide proton of 1,4-benzodiazepines was established

Determination of midazolam in pharmaceutical dosage forms by second-order derivative ultraviolet spectrophotometry

A second-order derivative ultraviolet spectroscopic method for the determination of midazolam in the presence of maleic acid is described. The assays were carried out in borate buffer (pH 9.2) at a wavelength of 222 nm, which corresponds to the position of the peak of 2 D spectrum of midazolam and to the intersection point of the 2 D spectrum of maleic acid with the abscissa (zero-crossing point). These conditions were chosen as optimum on the basis of the knowledge of acid-base equilibria of midazolam and maleic acid and of investigations of the absorption and 2 D spectra of midazolam and maleic acid and their mixtures. A calibration graph was obtained in the range of midazolam concentrations of 0.25-2.5x10 -5 mol/dm 3 with a correlation coefficient of 0.99996. The method is simple and rapid, and was successfully applied to the determination of midazolam in the presence of maleic acid in laboratory mixtures and in commercial tablets containing midazolam in the maleate form