387 research outputs found
Polymeric Frameworks as Organic Semiconductors with Controlled Electronic Properties
The rational assembly of monomers, in principle, enables the design of a
specific periodicity of polymeric frameworks, leading to a tailored set of
electronic structure properties in these solid-state materials. The further
development of these emerging systems requires a combination of both
experimental and theoretical studies. Here, we investigated the electronic
structures of two-dimensional polymeric frameworks based on triazine and
benzene rings, by means of electrochemical techniques. The experimental density
of states was obtained from quasi-open-circuit voltage measurements through
galvanostatic intermittent titration technique, which we show to be in
excellent agreement with first principles calculations performed for two and
three-dimensional structures of these polymeric frameworks. These findings
suggest that the electronic properties do not only depend on the number of
stacked layers but also on the ratio of the different aromatic rings
Cationic microporous polymer networks by polymerisation of weakly coordinating cations with CO2-storage ability
Microporous organic polymer networks with weakly coordinating cations in their backbone have been synthesised by metal catalysed C–C bond forming reactions. A functionalised tetraphenylphosphonium ion was synthesised and successfully used as a tecton in a co-polymerisation with tetrakis(4-bromophenyl) methane using nickel catalysed Yamamoto coupling and with triethynylbenzene in a palladium catalysed Songashira–Hagihara reaction. The microporous materials showed an apparent BET surface area of 1455 m2 g−1 and 540 m2 g−1, respectively. The Yamamoto product provide a CO2 uptake of 2.49 mmol g−1 at 273 K and 1 bar. After ion exchange with chloride CO2 uptake is further increased to 2.85 mmol g−1.EC/FP7/278593/EU/Organic Zeolites/ORGZEOEC/FP7/300534/EU/Functional Microporous Organic Polymers/FunMOP
New insights into solvent-induced structural changes of C-13 labelled metal-organic frameworks by solid state NMR
Selective C-13-labelling of carboxylate carbons in the linker molecules of flexible metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) makes solid-state NMR spectroscopy very powerful to investigate solvent-induced local structural changes as demonstrated by C-13 and H-1 NMR spectroscopy on the pillared layer MOF DUT-8(Ni). Selective identification of polar solvent-node interactions becomes feasible
Flexible metal–organic frameworks
Advances in flexible and functional metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), also called soft porous crystals, are reviewed by covering the literature of the five years period 2009–2013 with reference to the early pertinent work since the late 1990s. Flexible MOFs combine the crystalline order of the underlying coordination network with cooperative structural transformability. These materials can respond to physical and chemical stimuli of various kinds in a tunable fashion by molecular design, which does not exist for other known solid-state materials. Among the fascinating properties are so-called breathing and swelling phenomena as a function of host–guest interactions. Phase transitions are triggered by guest adsorption/desorption, photochemical, thermal, and mechanical stimuli. Other important flexible properties of MOFs, such as linker rotation and sub-net sliding, which are not necessarily accompanied by crystallographic phase transitions, are briefly mentioned as well. Emphasis is given on reviewing the recent progress in application of in situ characterization techniques and the results of theoretical approaches to characterize and understand the breathing mechanisms and phase transitions. The flexible MOF systems, which are discussed, are categorized by the type of metal-nodes involved and how their coordination chemistry with the linker molecules controls the framework dynamics. Aspects of tailoring the flexible and responsive properties by the mixed component solid-solution concept are included, and as well examples of possible applications of flexible metal–organic frameworks for separation, catalysis, sensing, and biomedicine
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Preparation and Application of ZIF-8 Thin Layers
Herein we compare various preparation methods for thin ZIF-8 layers on a Cu substrate for application as a host material for omniphobic lubricant-infused surfaces. Such omniphobic surfaces can be used in thermal engineering applications, for example to achieve dropwise condensation or anti-fouling and anti-icing surface properties. For these applications, a thin, conformal, homogeneous, mechanically and chemically stable coating is essential. In this study, thin ZIF-8 layers were deposited on a Cu substrate by different routes, such as (i) electrochemical anodic deposition on a Zn-covered Cu substrate, (ii) doctor blade technique for preparation of a composite layer containing PVDF binder and ZIF-8, as well as (iii) doctor blade technique for preparation of a two-layer composite on the Cu substrate containing a PVDF-film and a ZIF-8 layer. The morphology and topography of the coatings were compared by using profilometry, XRD, SEM and TEM techniques. After infusion with a perfluorinated oil, the wettability of the surfaces was assessed by contact angle measurements, and advantages of each preparation method were discussed
Metal-Organic Frameworks in Germany: from Synthesis to Function
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are constructed from a combination of
inorganic and organic units to produce materials which display high porosity,
among other unique and exciting properties. MOFs have shown promise in many
wide-ranging applications, such as catalysis and gas separations. In this
review, we highlight MOF research conducted by Germany-based research groups.
Specifically, we feature approaches for the synthesis of new MOFs,
high-throughput MOF production, advanced characterization methods and examples
of advanced functions and properties
The impact of crystal size and temperature on the adsorption-induced flexibility of the Zr-based metal-organic framework DUT-98
In this contribution we analyze the influence of adsorption cycling, crystal size, and temperature on the switching behavior of the flexible Zr-based metal-organic framework DUT-98. We observe a shift in the gate-opening pressure upon cycling of adsorption experiments for micrometer-sized crystals and assign this to a fragmentation of the crystals. In a series of samples, the average crystal size of DUT-98 crystals was varied from 120 mu m to 50 nm and the obtained solids were characterized by X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, as well as scanning and transmission electron microscopy. We analyzed the adsorption behavior by nitrogen and water adsorption at 77 K and 298 K, respectively, and show that adsorption-induced flexibility is only observed for micrometer-sized crystals. Nanometer-sized crystals were found to exhibit reversible type I adsorption behavior upon adsorption of nitrogen and exhibit a crystal-size-dependent steep water uptake of up to 20 mmol g(-1) at 0.5 p/p(0) with potential for water harvesting and heat pump applications. We furthermore investigate the temperature-induced structural transition by in situ powder X-ray diffraction. At temperatures beyond 110 degrees C, the open-pore state of the nanometer-sized DUT-98 crystals is found to irreversibly transform to a closed-pore state. The connection of crystal fragmentation upon adsorption cycling and the crystal size dependence of the adsorption-induced flexibility is an important finding for evaluation of these materials in future adsorption-based applications. This work thus extends the limited amount of studies on crystal size effects in flexible MOFs and hopefully motivates further investigations in this field.</p
Impact of Defects and Crystal Size on Negative Gas Adsorption in DUT-49 Analyzed by in Situ <sup>129</sup>Xe NMR Spectroscopy
The origin of crystal-size-dependent adsorption behavior of flexible metal-organic frameworks is increasingly studied. In this contribution, we probe the solid-fluid interactions of DUT-49 crystals of different size by in situ 129Xe NMR spectroscopy at 200 K. With decreasing size of the crystals, the average solid-fluid interactions are found to decrease reflected by a decrease in chemical shift of adsorbed xenon from 230 to 200 ppm, explaining the lack of adsorption-induced transitions for smaller crystals. However, recent studies propose that these results can also originate from the presence of lattice defects. To investigate the influence of defects on the adsorption behavior of DUT-49, we synthesized a series of samples with tailored defect concentrations and characterized them by in situ 129Xe NMR. In comparison to the results obtained for crystals with different size, we find pronounced changes of the adsorption behavior and influence of the chemical shift only for very high concentrations of defects, which further emphasizes the important role of particle size phenomena
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