Diabetic ketoacidosis

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is the most common acute hyperglycaemic emergency in people with diabetes mellitus. A diagnosis of DKA is confirmed when all of the three criteria are present — ‘D’, either elevated blood glucose levels or a family history of diabetes mellitus; ‘K’, the presence of high urinary or blood ketoacids; and ‘A’, a high anion gap metabolic acidosis. Early diagnosis and management are paramount to improve patient outcomes. The mainstays of treatment include restoration of circulating volume, insulin therapy, electrolyte replacement and treatment of any underlying precipitating event. Without optimal treatment, DKA remains a condition with appreciable, although largely preventable, morbidity and mortality. In this Primer, we discuss the epidemiology, pathogenesis, risk factors and diagnosis of DKA and provide practical recommendations for the management of DKA in adults and children

More than ALICE: Development of an augmented reality mobile application for the ALICE detector

More Than ALICE is a mobile application for iOS and Android devices. This project concerns the development of the v2.1 of the application which is meant to enhance the capacity of tracking quickly and reliably parts of the detector and its paper model. It recognises different parts of it and displays labels explaining its structure. Additionally, visualisation of the collisions can also be shown on the top of the camera image. More Than ALICE aims to increase the public awareness of the research goals of the ALICE collaboration. The application provides an Augmented Reality (AR) interface to track the detector during underground visits or its paper model which can be purchased at the ALICE secretariat. For those without access to either the detector or the paper model, the app provides the virtual model of the detector where the users can explore and understand the different parts of the detector and see real-time collisions

Μέταλλα στρατηγικής σημασίας στο λιγνίτη από την περιοχή της Αχλάδας, Φλώρινα. Περιεκτικότητες και τρόποι εμφάνισης

Περίληψη: Στην παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία εξετάζονται η περιεκτικότητα και οι τρόποι εμφάνισης μετάλλων στρατηγικής σημασίας στον λιγνίτη της περιοχής Αχλάδας στη Φλώρινα. Τα μέταλλα που μελετήθηκαν είναι τα La και Ce ως αντιπροσωπευτικά των ελαφριών σπάνιων γαιών, το Sc και το Li. Τα δείγματα που μελετήθηκαν ήταν λιγνίτης και τέφρες διαφορετικών θερμοκρασιών καθώς και η αντίστοιχη ιπτάμενη τέφρα. Ορυκτολογική ανάλυση των δειγμάτων με περιθλασιμετρία ακτίνων Χ (XRD) Χημική ανάλυση με φασματοσκοπία φθορισμού ακτίνων Χ (XRF) Μικροσκοπική παρατήρηση και χημική ανάλυση με χρήση ηλεκτρονικού μικροσκοπίου σάρωσης με ενσωματωμένο EDS (SEM-EDS) Ποσοτικός προσδιορισμός των στοιχείων, μέσω φασματομετρίας μάζας σε επαγωγικά συζευγμένο πλάσμα (ICP-MS) Η περιεκτικότητα σε Li, Ce, La, Sc βρέθηκε 90, 57, 30, 9 mg/Kg για το λιγνίτη και 251, 151, 79, 24 για την ιπτάμενη τέφρα αντίστοιχα. Τα μέταλλα που μελετήθηκαν εμφανίζονται εμπλουτισμένα στα δείγματα σε σχέση με το φλοιό, της γης, τους γαιάνθρακες και τις τέφρες παγκοσμίως. Φαίνεται επίσης ότι είναι συνδεμένα με τα ανόργανα αργιλοπυριτικά συστατικά του λιγνίτη και τον μουλλίτη και το άμορφο υλικό της ιπτάμενης τέφρας

Collateral Damage: Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Induced With Checkpoint Inhibitors.

Insulin-dependent diabetes may occur in patients with cancers who are treated with checkpoint inhibitors (CPIs). We reviewed cases occurring over a 6-year period at two academic institutions and identified 27 patients in whom this developed, or an incidence of 0.9%. The patients had a variety of solid-organ cancers, but all had received either anti-PD-1 or anti-PD-L1 antibodies. Diabetes presented with ketoacidosis in 59%, and 42% had evidence of pancreatitis in the peridiagnosis period. Forty percent had at least one positive autoantibody and 21% had two or more. There was a predominance of HLA-DR4, which was present in 76% of patients. Other immune adverse events were seen in 70%, and endocrine adverse events in 44%. We conclude that autoimmune, insulin-dependent diabetes occurs in close to 1% of patients treated with anti-PD-1 or -PD-L1 CPIs. This syndrome has similarities and differences compared with classic type 1 diabetes. The dominance of HLA-DR4 suggests an opportunity to identify those at highest risk of these complications and to discover insights into the mechanisms of this adverse event

Collateral Damage: Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Induced With Checkpoint Inhibitors.

Insulin-dependent diabetes may occur in patients with cancers who are treated with checkpoint inhibitors (CPIs). We reviewed cases occurring over a 6-year period at two academic institutions and identified 27 patients in whom this developed, or an incidence of 0.9%. The patients had a variety of solid-organ cancers, but all had received either anti-PD-1 or anti-PD-L1 antibodies. Diabetes presented with ketoacidosis in 59%, and 42% had evidence of pancreatitis in the peridiagnosis period. Forty percent had at least one positive autoantibody and 21% had two or more. There was a predominance of HLA-DR4, which was present in 76% of patients. Other immune adverse events were seen in 70%, and endocrine adverse events in 44%. We conclude that autoimmune, insulin-dependent diabetes occurs in close to 1% of patients treated with anti-PD-1 or -PD-L1 CPIs. This syndrome has similarities and differences compared with classic type 1 diabetes. The dominance of HLA-DR4 suggests an opportunity to identify those at highest risk of these complications and to discover insights into the mechanisms of this adverse event