" I'd rather play than look at statues ": The Experiences of Children with Art Works and Interactive Devices at an Art Exhibition

Young children have been largely neglected in research dedicated to the art museum experience. The art exhibition "Tête à tête" ("Face-to-Face"), designed for 5-12 year olds, became an opportunity to bring an exploratory contribution to three research issues: the relationship that the young child has with works of art and interactive devices, the role the adult plays in this relationship and the benefits derived from the visit. Building on observation and interviews, the article shows that children's attention is clearly drawn more towards interactive devices than art works, yet at the same time, the hypothesis that interactive devices are directly detrimental to children's reception of art works could not be confirmed. The results also emphasize the limited role that adults play in guiding the children towards the art. In the end, both adults and children appear to be satisfied overall with the playful and interactive dimension of their experience. Following this, art museums should questions themselves on how to specifically help families to better guide the young child's perspective towards the art works themselves, and also rely on the adult to encourage, in the child, a more active approach to the art work.Art exhibitions; child; family; museum experience; interactive devices; learning; interpretation; interpretation aids

Pluriactivité et mode de financement des exploitations agricoles

Cet article se propose de mettre en relation les décisions de pluriactivité des familles d’agriculteurs et les choix qu’ils opèrent en matière de financement de leurs exploitations. Les résultats obtenus à partir d’un panel d’exploitations individuelles françaises font ressortir d’importantes spécificités des exploitations pluriactives, tant en matière d’autofinancement que d’endettement.The aim of this article is to study the possible interrelationships between the off-farm work decisions of the farm household and the farm financial management decisions on their farm business. The results obtained using French panel data allow us to conclude to the specificity of the financing behaviour of pluriactive farms in regard to both internal and external finance

Lathe check development and properties: effect of log soaking temperature, compression rate, cutting radius and cutting speed during peeling process of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) veneer

The depth of lathe checks and integrity of veneer have been shown to be critical factors affecting the bonding process but also affecting the mechanical properties of veneer-based products. This study shows how beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) veneer lathe checks interval and depths are affected by soaking temperature, compression rate, cutting radius and cutting speed during the peeling process in well-controlled conditions. Freshly felled European beech logs were soaked in a water tank at 50, 60, 70 or 80 °C. Following soaking, the logs were immediately peeled with laboratory scale lathe (SEM S500) to 3.5 mm thick veneer at a cutting speed of 1, 2 or 3 m s−1 and pressure rates of 0, 5, 10 or 15%. The correlation between lathe check depth and frequency was validated using “Système de Mesure d’Ouverture des Fissures” (SMOF) device, which enables to measure check properties reliably on veneer ribbons. In a well-controlled peeling process, the strong correlation between check depth and interval was shown. At higher temperature, shallower and more frequent checks are created compared to lower temperature. However, the effect of soaking temperature (between 50 and 80 °C) on veneer checking is much smaller than the effect of compression rate during peeling process, where the higher compression rate produced veneer with shallower and more frequent checks. The results of the study also show that the direction of lathe check propagation could be affected by the rays in beech veneer. Rays resist crack growth in tangential direction, but act as weak planes in radial direction.ANR-10-EQPX-16 XYLOFOREST ; Région Bourgogne Franche-Comt

Qualification sanitaire des troupeaux, représentations du risque selon les acteurs et les disciplines

La qualification sanitaire vise à établir de manière objective et fiable le statut sanitaire d'un animal ou d'un ensemble d'animaux au regard d'une maladie infectieuse. Concevoir une qualification sanitaire repose sur des connaissances biologiques concernant l'agent pathogène, ses voies de transmission et les moyens de détection de la maladie. Les modèles mathématiques et les outils statistiques et probabilistes permettent d'intégrer ces connaissances tout en prenant en compte l'incertitude et la variabilité des données biologiques. Les sciences humaines apportent un éclairage sur les enjeux, les perceptions et les logiques des individus et des collectifs, afin d'étudier la demande et l'acceptabilité de la qualification sanitaire. Chaque discipline apporte ainsi son point de vue sur la notion de risque sous-jacente à la démarche de qualification. Cette approche interdisciplinaire nécessite une coconstruction de la recherche, qui doit dépasser les différences culturelles et épistémologiques entre disciplines. Elle n'obéit pas à un seul type de rationalité, scientifique ou juridico-administrative ; elle mobilise nécessairement des connaissances savantes et des savoirs empiriques et dépend de nombreuses décisions pouvant engendrer convergences ou contradictions. (Résumé d'auteur

Issues and special features of animal health research

In the rapidly changing context of research on animal health, INRA launched a collective discussion on the challenges facing the field, its distinguishing features, and synergies with biomedical research. As has been declared forcibly by the heads of WHO, FAO and OIE, the challenges facing animal health, beyond diseases transmissible to humans, are critically important and involve food security, agriculture economics, and the ensemble of economic activities associated with agriculture. There are in addition issues related to public health (zoonoses, xenobiotics, antimicrobial resistance), the environment, and animal welfare

Dissecting the Shared Genetic Architecture of Suicide Attempt, Psychiatric Disorders, and Known Risk Factors

Background Suicide is a leading cause of death worldwide, and nonfatal suicide attempts, which occur far more frequently, are a major source of disability and social and economic burden. Both have substantial genetic etiology, which is partially shared and partially distinct from that of related psychiatric disorders. Methods We conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of 29,782 suicide attempt (SA) cases and 519,961 controls in the International Suicide Genetics Consortium (ISGC). The GWAS of SA was conditioned on psychiatric disorders using GWAS summary statistics via multitrait-based conditional and joint analysis, to remove genetic effects on SA mediated by psychiatric disorders. We investigated the shared and divergent genetic architectures of SA, psychiatric disorders, and other known risk factors. Results Two loci reached genome-wide significance for SA: the major histocompatibility complex and an intergenic locus on chromosome 7, the latter of which remained associated with SA after conditioning on psychiatric disorders and replicated in an independent cohort from the Million Veteran Program. This locus has been implicated in risk-taking behavior, smoking, and insomnia. SA showed strong genetic correlation with psychiatric disorders, particularly major depression, and also with smoking, pain, risk-taking behavior, sleep disturbances, lower educational attainment, reproductive traits, lower socioeconomic status, and poorer general health. After conditioning on psychiatric disorders, the genetic correlations between SA and psychiatric disorders decreased, whereas those with nonpsychiatric traits remained largely unchanged. Conclusions Our results identify a risk locus that contributes more strongly to SA than other phenotypes and suggest a shared underlying biology between SA and known risk factors that is not mediated by psychiatric disorders.Peer reviewe

Pluriactivite et mode de financement des exploitations agricoles

Cet article se propose de mettre en relation les décisions de pluriactivité des familles d'agriculteurs et les choix qu'ils opèrent en matière de financement de leurs exploitations. Les résultats obtenus à partir d'un panel d'exploitations individuelles françaises font ressortir d'importantes spécificités des exploitations pluriactives, tant en matière d'autofinancement que d'endettement

Modélisation des propriétés thermodynamiques de solutions d'électrolytes à intérêt industriel

Modelling of the thermodynamic properties of electrolyte solutions for industrial interestsThis work is aimed at providing a description of he thermodynamics properties of electrolyte solutions for industrial interests. The model used here is based on a previous study (N. Papaiconomou et al.) combining the Mean Spherical Approximation MSA (Mean Spherical Approximation) theory to describe long-range electrostatic interactions, with the popular model in chemical engineering, i.e. NRTL ( Nonrandom Two-Liquid), for the representation of short-range interactions. This previous description has been improved by adding the ionic solvation effect with the help of two distinct models : (a) Robinson and Stokes one which involves a constant solvation number vs. salt concentration, and (b) modellling of the thermodynamic of ionic solutions using a stepwise solvation equilibrium model. In addition to this work, we have attempted a description of VLE (Vapor-Liquid equilibria) for aqueous solutions in a wide range of temperature, 25°C to 100°C.Le présent travail se propose de décrire les propriétés thermodynamiques des solutions d'intérêt industriel. Notre modèle s'appuie sur un travail antérieur (N. Papaiconomou et al.), combinant la théorie Mean Spherical Approximation (MSA) pour décrire les interactions électrostatiques à longue portée et le modèle NRTL (très populaire en génie chimique), pour celles qui sont à courte portée. Par rapport à ce précédent travail, nous avons de plus pris en compte l'effet de solvatation ionique, à l'aide de deux modèles différents : (a) celui de Stokes et Robinson impliquant un nombre de solvatation constant (en fonction de la concentration du sel) ; (b) une solution procédant d'équilibre réactionnels avec les molécules d'eau, résultant en un degré de solvatation variant avec la concentration de sel. De plus, nous avons cherché à décrire les équilibres L-V pour des solutions aqueuses et de mélanges de solvants, pour des températures allant de 25°C à 100°C

Activités non agricoles et financement de l'exploitation agricole

Thèse co-financée par le Crédit Agricole Diplôme : Dr. d'UniversitéLa présente thèse entend ainsi contribuer au renouvellement des approches de la pluriactivité en cherchant à mettre en relation les décisions de travail des familles d'agriculteurs et les décisions d'investissement et de financement de leurs exploitations. La prise en compte d'éléments financiers implique de renoncer au cadre d'analyse statique, privilégié dans la plupart des études consacrées à la pluriactivité, au profit d'une approche dynamique, ce qui est rendu possible par la disponibilité de données de panel. Il nous a en effet été possible de construire un panel de 1 700 exploitations agricoles françaises, observées sur la période 1991-1997, à partir des données du Réseau d'Information Comptable Agricole (RICA) et des données de deux enquêtes, réalisées par l'Institut National de la Statistique et des Etudes Economiques, mettant en relation les observations du RICA et des déclarations fiscales d'agriculteurs présents dans cette source. Notre objectif consiste ainsi en la construction et la validation empirique d'un modèle dynamique du ménage agricole, producteur et consommateur, permettant de prendre en compte l'interdépendance potentielle des décisions de travail, d'investissement, et de financement, dans un contexte de marchés financiers imparfaits