State policy and law in relation to land alienation in Ethiopia

The thesis examines the nature and mechanisms of land alienation in the context of Ethiopia's history of land relations and the role of national and global actors. In consideration of these themes, the study has adopted a contextual analysis of law and policy. Data from fieldwork has informed the core themes. It has also involved a combination of doctrinal legal research and documentary policy research augmented by quantitative data. The research considers issues of land alienation in the situation where the main relevant perspectives argue for the abolition of the people's ownership of land approach embodied in the country's 1995 Constitution and its replacement by private ownership of land (privatization perspective) or for its modification to allow alienation of land use rights (revisionist perspective) or for its change into village ownership of land with a possibility of market transfer of land use rights (associative ownership perspective). In addition to their promotion of one or another form of land alienation, the above three perspectives focus on consideration of ways to break the bureaucratic power of the State over land. This study contends that a focus on these issues has prevented the perspectives from fully identifying and thus explaining features of the ongoing land alienation in Ethiopia including the position of international institutions. This thesis therefore claims that there is an underlying shift towards marketable property in land in favor of actors who are assumed to be 'better land improvers. This is happening in a dual context of significant land poverty and economic growth.' Land alienation is being manifested in rural land expropriation laws, administrative and judicial endorsement of kontract, absence of recognition of communal lands and transfer by the State of the communal rural lands to large-scale farmers through the deployment of discourses such as 'empty land' and the 'tragedy of the commons.' This gravitation clashes with the people's ownership of land approach that provides for agricultural land for peasants and pastoralists, security of their landholdings and a ban on land alienation. The tilt has resulted in another tension between federal and regional governments where the Centre claims that efficiency demands that it handle land transfers to developers whereas the regions assert their constitutional power over land. Similarly, global institutions are involved in a contradiction because they prescribe land rights to the poor as a strategy to reduce poverty in Ethiopia and at the same time they encourage large-scale land grants in accordance with `principles of responsible agricultural investment.' The thesis proposes an affirmation of the constitutional principles concerning land with a proper form of constitutionality

Radial growth patterns associated with tree mortality in Nothofagus pumilio forest

Tree mortality is a key process in forest dynamics. Despite decades of effort to understand this process, many uncertainties remain. South American broadleaf species are particularly under-represented in global studies on mortality and forest dynamics. We sampled monospecific broadleaf Nothofagus pumilio forests in northern Patagonia to predict tree mortality based on stem growth. Live or dead conditions in N. pumilio trees can be predicted with high accuracy using growth rate as an explanatory variable in logistic models. In Paso Córdova (CO), Argentina, where the models were calibrated, the probability of death was a strong negative function of radial growth, particularly during the six years prior to death. In addition, negative growth trends during 30 to 45 years prior to death increased the accuracy of the models. The CO site was affected by an extreme drought during the summer 1978-1979, triggering negative trends in radial growth of many trees. Individuals showing below-average and persistent negative trends in radial growth are more likely to die than those showing high growth rates and positive growth trends in recent decades, indicating the key role of droughts in inducing mortality. The models calibrated at the CO site showed high verification skill by accurately predicting tree mortality at two independent sites 76 and 141 km away. Models based on relative growth rates showed the highest and most balanced accuracy for both live and dead individuals. Thus, the death of individuals across different N. pumilio sites was largely determined by the growth rate relative to the total size of the individuals. Our findings highlight episodic severe drought as a triggering mechanism for growth decline and eventual death for N. pumilio, similar to results found previously for several other species around the globe. In the coming decades, many forests globally will be exposed to more frequent and/or severe episodes of reduced warm-season soil moisture. Tree-ring studies such as this one can aid prediction of future changes in forest productivity, mortality, and composition.Fil: Rodriguez Catón, Milagros Rocío. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Provincia de Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales; Argentina. Columbia University; Estados UnidosFil: Villalba, Ricardo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Provincia de Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales; ArgentinaFil: Srur, Ana Marina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Provincia de Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales; ArgentinaFil: Williams, A. Park. Columbia University; Estados Unido

Determinação de peroxidase (POD) e polifenoloxidase (PPO) em polpa de açaí submetida à alta pressão hidrostática.

bitstream/CTAA-2009-09/9979/1/ct101-2006.pd

Processamento de polpa de açaí por alta pressão hidrostática.

bitstream/CTAA-2009-09/9981/1/ct103-2006.pd

Past summer temperatures inferred from dendrochronological records of Fitzroya cupressoides on the eastern slope of the northern Patagonian Andes

Estimating summer temperature fluctuations over long timescales in southern South America is essential for better understanding the past climate variations in the Southern Hemisphere. Here we developed robust 212 year long basal area increment (BAI) and δ13C chronologies from living temperature‐sensitive Fitzroya cupressoides on the eastern slope of the northern Patagonian Andes (41°S). After removing the increasing trend from the growth records likely due to the CO2 fertilization effect, we tested the potential to reconstruct past summer temperature variations using BAI and δ13C as predictors. The reconstruction based on δ13C records has the strongest predictive skills and explains as much as 62% of the total variance in instrumental summer temperature (n = 81, p < 0.001). The temperature signal recorded in tree‐ring growth is not substantially different to that present in δ13C and consequently does not provide additional information to improve the regression models. Our δ13C‐based reconstruction shows cold summer temperatures in the second part of the 19th century and in the mid‐20th century followed by a warmer period. Notably, the 20th and the early 21st centuries were warmer (+0.6°C) than the 19th century. Reconstructed summer temperature variations are modulated by low‐latitude (El Niño–Southern Oscillation) and high‐latitude (Southern Annular Mode) climate forcings. Our reconstruction based on δ13C agrees well with previous ring width based temperature reconstructions in the region and comparatively enhances the low‐frequency variations in the records. The present study provides the first reconstruction of summer temperature in South America south of 40°S for the period 1800–2011 entirely based on isotopic records

Multiproxy summer and winter surface air temperature field reconstructions for southern South America covering the past centuries

We statistically reconstruct austral summer (winter) surface air temperature fields back to ad 900 (1706) using 22 (20) annually resolved predictors from natural and human archives from southern South America (SSA). This represents the first regional-scale climate field reconstruction for parts of the Southern Hemisphere at this high temporal resolution. We apply three different reconstruction techniques: multivariate principal component regression, composite plus scaling, and regularized expectation maximization. There is generally good agreement between the results of the three methods on interannual and decadal timescales. The field reconstructions allow us to describe differences and similarities in the temperature evolution of different sub-regions of SSA. The reconstructed SSA mean summer temperatures between 900 and 1350 are mostly above the 1901-1995 climatology. After 1350, we reconstruct a sharp transition to colder conditions, which last until approximately 1700. The summers in the eighteenth century are relatively warm with a subsequent cold relapse peaking around 1850. In the twentieth century, summer temperatures reach conditions similar to earlier warm periods. The winter temperatures in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries were mostly below the twentieth century average. The uncertainties of our reconstructions are generally largest in the eastern lowlands of SSA, where the coverage with proxy data is poorest. Verifications with independent summer temperature proxies and instrumental measurements suggest that the interannual and multi-decadal variations of SSA temperatures are well captured by our reconstructions. This new dataset can be used for data/model comparison and data assimilation as well as for detection and attribution studies at sub-continental scale

Arqueología del genocidio en Tucumán: Biografías, inhumaciones, espacios concentracionarios y cartografías

Los trabajos forenses realizados por el Colectivo de Arqueología, Memoria e Identidad de Tucumán (CAMIT), en el marco de causas judiciales, posibilitaron tanto recuperar e identificar nominalmente a 113 personas en el denominado “Pozo de Vargas” como así también contribuir con pruebas referidas a la dinámica del Centro de Exterminio que funcionó en el predio militar Compañía de Arsenales Miguel de Azcuénaga. Estas investigaciones pusieron en manifiesto las estrechas relaciones entre una diversidad de lugares que fueron integrados a la política de exterminio diseñada por las fuerzas de seguridad y armadas durante el período comprendido entre los años 1975 y 1983. En efecto, no es posible dimensionar las características que asumió el genocidio a escala provincial si no se vinculan materialidades y testimonios y que viabilizan -conjuntamente- dar cuenta de la complejidad de la persecución, represión y exterminio de una importante fracción social. Durante los últimos años desde el equipo nos abocamos a determinar las biografías de cada uno/a de los/las hombres y mujeres recuperados/as en el Pozo de Vargas, para ello centramos la atención en: la información disponible en cada caso (ampliándola con nuevas indagaciones –entrevistas, relevamiento en distintos archivos, etc.–, reevaluación de la información disponible, etc.); definir grupos hacia el interior del universo de identificados hasta el momento en dicha inhumación clandestina (los grupos fueron delimitados considerando distintas variables tales como: militancias sociales y políticas; trabajo y ocupación; etc.); y, evaluando la información disponible sobre los lugares donde atravesaron sus experiencias concentracionarias (en Tucumán y en otras provincias). Como resultado preliminar –en esta primera etapa del trabajo prestamos mayor atención a la capital tucumana y al período comprendido entre 1975 y 1978- contamos actualmente con mayor información referida a las trayectorias de las personas: desde sus secuestros -y los distintos espacios de reclusión clandestinos por los que transitaron- hasta sus asesinatos y ocultamiento de los cuerpos en el Pozo de Vargas. Asimismo, tales itinerarios fueron incorporados a cartografías personales y colectivas que posibilitan evaluar, por ejemplo, aquellos aspectos de logística y diseño de circuitos a los fines de efectivizar el exterminio. Tales cartografías, además, destacan una diversidad de espacios –entre privados y públicos– involucrados a los fines de llevar a cabo una matanza como la perpetrada en la provincia de Tucumán. Toda esta información posibilita dimensionar las características que asumió el genocidio a una escala local.Fil: Ataliva, Víctor Hugo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Instituto Superior de Estudios Sociales. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Instituto Superior de Estudios Sociales; Argentina. Colectivo de Arqueología Memoria E Identidad de Tucumán; ArgentinaFil: Gerónimo, A.. Colectivo de Arqueología, Memoria e Identidad de Tucumán; ArgentinaFil: Huetagoyena Gutiérrez, G.. Colectivo de Arqueología, Memoria e Identidad de Tucumán; ArgentinaFil: Zurita, R. D.. Colectivo de Arqueología, Memoria e Identidad de Tucumán; ArgentinaFil: Cano, S.. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo. Instituto Interdisciplinario de Estudios Andinos; Argentina. Colectivo de Arqueología, Memoria e Identidad de Tucumán; ArgentinaFil: Molina, L. R.. Colectivo de Arqueología, Memoria e Identidad de Tucumán; ArgentinaFil: Romano, Andres Sebastian. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Instituto Superior de Estudios Sociales. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Instituto Superior de Estudios Sociales; Argentina. Colectivo de Arqueología, Memoria e Identidad de Tucumán; ArgentinaFil: Srur, Florencia Rocío. Colectivo de Arqueología, Memoria e Identidad de Tucumán; ArgentinaFil: Lund, Julia. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo. Instituto de Arqueología y Museo; Argentina. Colectivo de Arqueología, Memoria e Identidad de Tucumán; ArgentinaFil: Leiva, A.. Colectivo de Arqueología, Memoria e Identidad de Tucumán; ArgentinaXIV Jornadas Internas de Comunicaciones en Investigación, Docencia y ExtensiónSan Miguel de TucumánArgentinaUniversidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales. Instituto Miguel Lill

Understanding climate change impacts on biome and plant distributions in the Andes: Challenges and opportunities

Aim: Climate change is expected to impact mountain biodiversity by shifting species ranges and the biomes they shape. The extent and regional variation in these impacts are still poorly understood, particularly in the highly biodiverse Andes. Regional syntheses of climate change impacts on vegetation are pivotal to identify and guide research priorities. Here we review current data, knowledge and uncertainties in past, present and future climate change impacts on vegetation in the Andes. Location: Andes. Taxon: Plants. Methods: We (i) conducted a literature review on Andean vegetation responses to past and contemporary climatic change, (ii) analysed future climate projections for different elevations and slope orientations at 19 Andean locations using an ensemble of model outputs from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 5, and (iii) calculated changes in the suitable climate envelope area of Andean biomes and compared these results to studies that used species distribution models. Results: Future climatic changes (2040–2070) are projected to be stronger at high-elevation areas in the tropical Andes (up to 4°C under RCP 8.5), while in the temperate Andes temperature increases are projected to be up to 2°C. Under this worst-case scenario, temperate deciduous forests and the grasslands/steppes from the Central and Southern Andes are predicted to show the greatest losses of suitable climatic space (30% and 17%–23%, respectively). The high vulnerability of these biomes contrasts with the low attention from researchers modelling Andean species distributions. Critical knowledge gaps include a lack of an Andean wide plant checklist, insufficient density of weather stations at high-elevation areas, a lack of high-resolution climatologies that accommodates the Andes' complex topography and climatic processes, insufficient data to model demographic and ecological processes, and low use of palaeo data for distribution modelling. Main conclusions: Climate change is likely to profoundly affect the extent and composition of Andean biomes. Temperate Andean biomes in particular are susceptible to substantial area contractions. There are, however, considerable challenges and uncertainties in modelling species and biome responses and a pressing need for a region-wide approach to address knowledge gaps and improve understanding and monitoring of climate change impacts in these globally important biomes.publishedVersio