Production and characterization of spray-dried swamp eel (Monopterus albus) protein hydrolysate prepared by papain

Protein hydrolysate from swamp eel (Monopterus albus) has been prepared by enzymatic hydrolysis process using papain enzyme. Evaluation of the extent of protein hydrolysis was conducted by measuring the degree of hydrolysis (DH). The optimization of protein hydrolysate production has been carried out by analyzing the influences of papain enzyme concentration, temperature, and time of hydrolysis on the degree of hydrolysis (DH) using RSM design. The optimized product was spray-dried and analyzed the proximate (moisture, lipid, protein) content and the yield (%). The fish protein hydrolysate (FPH) powder product was characterized by the foaming capacity and stability, and also by FTIR, DSC and PSA methods. The optimum condition of enzymatic hydrolysis of swamp eel protein was obtained by an addition 0.49 % of papain enzyme at 45 oC for 9 hours. The degree of hydrolysis (DH) of this product was 7.96 % with a yield of 14.72 %. The foaming capacity of swamp eel protein hydrolysate powder was between 12.5 - 62.5 % and the foaming stability was between 3.22 - 31.25 %. The highest foaming capacity and stability of this product was reached at pH 4.0. Based on the spectrum FTIR analysis, the FPH product contained amines, aromatics, aliphatics, amide B and amide II groups. DSC analysis of the FPH product showed two peaks (Tm) at 65 oC and 108.5 oC. The particle size of the FPH powder product was distributed within 100 nm-1500 nm range with the highest intensity was 8.91 %. This study shows the potential usage of swamp eel for the production of FPH by enzymatic hydrolysis using papain enzyme with high yield and serves as a protein supplement

Endothelial Dysfunction in Dengue Hemorhagic Fever

Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) is characterized by fever, bleeding, and pleural effusion which may be caused by increased vascular permeability. Based on these findings it is assumed that endothelial dysfunction plays a role in the pathogenesis of DHF. The aims of this study was to know whether endothelial dysfunction occurs in DHF by measuring sVCAM-1, vWF, and D dimer. The relationship between endothelial dysfunction and severity of the disease would also be analyzed. This was a cross sectional study which involved 31 DHF patients and 30 non DHF fever patients as control group. The level of sVCAM-1 was determined by ELISA method, vWF by enzyme linked fluorescent assay , and D dimer by sandwich enzyme immunoassay. The results indicated that mean of sVCAM-1 level in DHF group and control group were 1323 ng/mL and 1003 ng/mL, while standard deviation (SD) were 545 ng/mL and 576 ng/mL respectively. The mean of vWF level in DHF group and control group were 284% and 327%, with SD 130% and 141% respectively. The level of sVCAM-1 did not correlate with platelet count, albumin level, D dimer level and severity of disease. There was a weak correlation between vWF level with D dimer and severity of disease ( r = 0,472 and r = -0,450 ). Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that endothelial dysfunction occurs in DHF, but there is no correlation between sVCAM-1 with severity of disease, only a weak correlation between vWF with D dimer and severity of disease is found

ISOFLA VONES AGLICONE OF TEMPE MALANG FRIED SLICES

ABSTRACT Soybean fermentation was carried out by using mixed culture Rhizopus oligosporus C and Rhizopus oryzae L16 (1:1) as inoculum. Incubation places in an incubator at 30°C for 5 days and assessment of 13-9lucosidase activity daily was investigated. Isoflavones aglicone of tempe produced in laboratory scale, tempe commercial and fried slices tempe from Malang were analized by chromatography technique. Bioconversion of isoffavonoida in soybean to isoffavone aglicone compoundscan be caused by extracellulerenzyme p -glucosidase. The observation showed that fresh tempe Malang was obtained genistein content 15.57mg/ 1009 defatted tempe higher than tempe produced from laboratorium scale that was 5.45 mg/ 100 9 defatted tempe. However, genistein content of fried slices tempe from Malang content decreased 25%, that was 11.45mg/ 1009 defatted tempe. Tempe prepared at laboratory had the highest specific activity of I3-glucosidaseat day two that was 1693U/g protein. Keywords: tempe, Rhizopus oligosporus C, Rhizopus oryzae L 16, genistein

ISOFLAVONES AGLICONE OF TEMPE MALANG FRIED SLICES

Soybean fermentation was carried out by using mixed culture Rhizopus oligosporus C and Rhizopus oryzae L16 (1:1) as inoculum. Incubation places in an incubator at 30 oC for 5 days and assessment of β-glucosidase activity daily was investigated. Isoflavones aglicone of tempe produced in laboratory scale, tempe commercial and fried slices tempe from Malang were analized by chromatography technique. Bioconversion of isoflavonoida in soybean to isoflavone aglicone compounds can be caused by extracelluler enzyme b -glucosidase. The observation showed that fresh tempe Malang was obtained genistein content 15.57 mg/100 g defatted tempe higher than tempe produced from laboratorium scale that was 5.45 mg/100 g defatted tempe. However, genistein content of fried slices tempe from Malang content decreased 25%, that was 11.45 mg/100 g defatted tempe. Tempe prepared at laboratory had the highest specific activity of β-glucosidase at day two that was 1693 U/g protein.   Keywords: tempe, Rhizopus oligosporus C, Rhizopus oryzae L16, genistei

Inoculums Preparation and Detoxification Process in Monascus Fermented Rice Production

Monascus fermented rice (MFR), or angkak are well known for their ability to produce Monacolin K, a statin compound that potential as a cholesterol-lowering agent. The objective of the research is to study the inoculum preparation and detoxification process in MFR production. In this study, the inoculum was prepared by cultivated M. purpureus HD001 in YMP, YES, and MSG medium. Rice was inoculated with 10% of inoculum and incubated at 30oC, for 14 days. The growth rate and moisture content of MFR were evaluated in the period from 0 to 14th day. The dried MFR was extracted with ethanol 95%, and the ratio of Monacolin K/citrinin was estimated by measuring the absorbances of extract at λ238 (Monacolin K) and λ500 (citrinin). MFR was detoxified by 0.1% v/v of H2O2, at room temperature for one hour. Monacolin K and citrinin content in MFR extract was analyzed by HPLC. Results showed that the growth of Monascus purpureus HD001 on rice which inoculated by MSG inoculum was faster than YES and YMP inoculum. Maximum growth of M.purpureus occurs on the 8th day. The highest moisture content also enerated by MFR which inoculated by MSG inoculum. Maximum absorbance of Monacolin K (l238) of MFR which inoculated by MSG inoculum was obtained on the 8th day. HPLC data showed that detoxification of MFR with 0.1% H2O2 was able to reduce citrinin 58.45% and Monacolin K 22.04%. After treatment with 0.1% H2O2, ratio of Monacolin K/citrinin in MFR samples was increased 1.87 times when compared to before treatment

Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Solid-Phase Extraction (MISPE) for the Determination of Dinitro-ortho-cresol (DNOC) and Its Risk Assessment in Tomatoes

In this study, the molecularly imprinted polymer solid-phase extraction (MISPE) method for the determination of dinitro-ortho-cresol (DNOC) before HPLC (High-performance liquid chromatography) analysis was conducted. This study aims to analyze the sorption behavior and the potential use of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIP) for DNOC extraction. MIP was prepared using a combination of methacrylic acid as the functional monomer; ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as the crosslinker, benzoyl peroxide as the initiator, and acetonitrile as the porogen. The results showed that the optimum adsorption of the material was achieved at pH 5 for a contact time of 30 min with an adsorption capacity of 137 mg/g. The ideal eluent for desorption was a mixture of methanol and acetic acid with a ratio of 3:1. The calculations showed that the adsorption process followed the Sips adsorption isotherm model (n = 0.967), which indicated adsorption on both homogeneous and monolayer surfaces. Reusability studies that were conducted via three consecutive adsorption-desorption cycles resulted in recovery values of 109.4%, 108.8%, and 101.1%. The concentration of DNOC obtained from tomato samples was 0.65 mg/kg with a recovery rate of 87.17%; this was within the tolerable range between 80% and 110%. Based on the high recovery and low LoQ, this method can be used to quantify DNOC quickly

ENKAPSULASI DAN STABILITAS PIGMEN KAROTENOID DARI Neurospora intermedia N-1 (Encapsulation and the Stability of Carotenoids from Neurospora intermedia N-1)

ABSTRAKNeurospora sp merupakan spesies fungi yang dilaporkan menghasilkan pigmen karotenoid, yaitu metabolit sekunder yang termasuk kelompok pigmen yang berwarna kuning, jingga atau merah jingga. Pada penelitian ini telah dilakukan enkapsulasi pigmen karotenoid Neurospora intermedia N-1 menggunakan kopolimer gelatin-maltodekstrin. Suspensi dari campuran ekstrak karotenoid dengan kopolimer gelatin-maltodekstrin, dikeringkan dengan alat spray drier sehingga diperoleh serbuk karotenoid GME (gelatin-maltodekstrin-ekstrak) dan diuji stabilitasnya terhadap pengaruh penyimpanan RH 20-30%, selama 5 minggu. Hasil enkapsulasi ekstrak karotenoid diperoleh serbuk GME dengan nilai EY (encapsulation yields) ± 48%. Mikroenkapsulasi ekstrak karotenoid tersebut dapat meningkatkan kelarutannya dalam air dan stabil pada kondisi RH 20-30%, stabilitas menurun mulai pada minggu ke 3. Analisis KCKT terhadap serbuk GME menunjukkan penurunan kandungan β-karoten sekitar 30%, setelah penyimpanan 5 minggu. Analisis SEM terhadap serbuk GME menunjukkan partikel yang berbentuk bulat dan berlekuk di permukaan dengan ukuran ±1 µm.ABSTRACTNeurospora sp, a species of fungi was reported containing the carotenoid pigments, the secondary metabolite of the  yellow, orange or red-orange pigments group. On this research, the carotenoid pigments of Neurospora intermedia N-1 has been encapsulated by a copolymer of gelatin-maltodextrins. The encapsulated products were dried by a spray drier and the carotenoid powder was determined its stability to the storage influence at RH 20-30%,  for 5 weeks. Encapsulation product of carotenoids extract obtained the  GME powder with EY value± 48%. Microencapsulation of this extract was increased the water solubility and  stable at RH 20-30% condition,   the stability was decreased start at the third week. HPLC analysis of GME powder showed the decreasing of β-carotene about 30%, after storage for 5 weeks. SEM analysis of GME powder showed the globular shape and dents on the surface of particles, with size ±1 µm

Production of omega-3 fatty acids by enzymatic hydrolysis from lemuru fish by-products

Production of omega-3 fatty acids from lemuru fish by-products was studied by enzymatic hydrolysis using a lipase enzyme in one liter of the batch reactor. The hydrolysis temperature of fish oil was set at 45 to 55 ℃ for 0 to 24 h, whereas agitation from 50 to 150 rpm. RSM-Box Bhenken was used to study the effect of these parameters on omega-3 (EPA, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and α-linolenic acid (ALA)) content. The % free fatty acid (FFA), acid index, peroxide index, iodine index, and saponification index of lemuru fish oil was 0.925, 2.52, 42.5, 97.28, and 160.11%, respectively. GC-MS analysis results showed that unsaturated fatty acids content (62.34%), which are consisted of omega-3 (EPA, DHA, and ALA), omega-6 and omega-9, was much higher than saturated acids (12.97%). The experiment data showed that the highest EPA (1.221%) and DHA (0.312%) content were reached at 50 ℃ and 24 h with 150 rpm of agitation. However, through the RSM-Box Bhenken analysis and 3D surface plot, it was suggested that the optimum condition was obtained at 45 ℃ and 24 h with 150 rpm of agitation with the content of EPA, DHA, and ALA were 1.709, 0.49, and 1.237%, respectively

Enrichment of Omega-3 from Anchovy (Stolephorus sp.) Fish Oil by Enzymatic Hydrolysis

Anchovy (Stolephorus sp.) is an economically important fish in Indonesia. Anchovy contains Omega-3 that important to maintain the health of the heart and brain. This study aimed to enrich the Omega 3 content of anchovy oil from the North Sea of West Java. The extraction of anchovy oil was carried out by the soxhlet method. Enrichment of omega 3 from anchovy fish oil is carried out by hydrolysis with a commercial lipase enzyme at concentration 500, 1000, 1500 and 2000 unit/600g fish oil, for 5, 10, 15 and 20 hour. Before hydrolysis, fish oil was added with solvent water, ethanol, toluene, and n-hexane. Omega 3 content of fish oil products were analyzed by using Gas Chromatography (GC) with FID detector with retention time 14.068 min and 15.506 min for α-Linolenat (ALA) and eicosapentaenoic (EPA), respectively. The results showed the highest omega 3 content (ALA 0.54% and EPA 1.103% ) was produced by addition n-hexane with a ratio 1:6 with the concentration of lipase was 1000 units for 20 hours

THE EFFECTS OF ADSORBENT MATERIALS ON THE LIPID QUALITY OF LEMURU FISH OIL AND THE ENRICHMENT OF OMEGA-3 USING LIPASE

Sardinella (lemuru) is a genus of fish that is widespread in the East Java Sea region, especially in Muncar, Banyuwangi in East Java Province, Indonesia. Marine fishes are rich in essential fatty acids, including omega-3. This study aims to improve the quality of lemuru fish oil through the use of adsorbent materials such as bentonite and activated carbon. The sample was analyzed to determine its free fatty acid (FFA) content and peroxide value (PV) using the titrimetric method. The clarity of the oil was determined using the spectrophotometric method (λ 440 nm). The omega 3 content from the fish oil sample was then enriched through enzymatic reactions using lipase. Enzymatic reactions were carried out for 5, 10, 15, 20, 35, and 47 hours with a lipase concentration of 500, 1000, 1500, and 2000 units respectively. The omega-3 content of the fish oil products was analyzed using the GC-FID method. The results show that the addition of 3% activated carbon and bentonite in the fish oil reduced the FFA and PV results. Moreover, the absorbance value at λ 440 nm was also reduced from 0.883 to 0.559. The highest content of omega-3 was obtained through hydrolysis with lipase at a concentration of 1000 units for 35 hours with alpha-methyl linolenate (ALA), methyl all-cis-5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentanoate (EPA) and cis-4,7,10,13,16,19-docosa-hexaenoic acid methyl ester (DHA) at 0.78, 1.06, and 0.29% respectively