DESIGN-DRIVEN INNOVATION OF BIO-BASED CIRCULAR MATERIALS

In recent years, design has turned its attention toward the Circular Economy where material issues are central. More and more companies and designers are turning their research towards ‘circular materials’ from the recycling of ‘technical materials’ or created from an organic base of processing/production or consumption waste and reintegrating into the biological cycle. The paper focused on ‘bio-based circular materials’, presents the first phase of research in progress, with the aim of mapping and systematizing the strategies used for the conception, development, design, production, and distribution of new materials and related products

Expanded Design between Design Activism and Collectible Design

The last three decades have witnessed in Europe an increasing interest from institutions, and creative communities in independent research connected to crafting, DIY, maker culture, and design activism. A new generation of designers has focused on the experimentation of processes, materials, and technologies used as a vehicle for socio-political and environmental messages and as the starting point of solid narrative projects. This paper aims to analyse this phenomenon inside the niche of Collectible Design, a field in recent years of great interest by galleries and institutions for its ability to embrace material and technological research as well as craftsmanship and art. We investigate the phenomenon, through a series of interviews with designers such as Shahar Livne, Eugenia Morpurgo, Pleun van Dijk, Tellurico, and Standard 404, selected for their ability to use experimental materials and technologies, as communicative media for reflections on systemic issues

Laterality of Stance during Optic Flow Stimulation in Male and Female Young Adults

During self-motion, the spatial and temporal properties of the optic flow input directly influence the body sway. Men and women have anatomical and biomechanical differences that influence the postural control during visual stimulation. Given that recent findings suggest a peculiar role of each leg in the postural control of the two genders, we investigated whether the body sway during optic flow perturbances is lateralized and whether anteroposterior and mediolateral components of specific center of pressure (COP) parameters of the right and left legs differ, reexamining a previous experiment (Raffi et al. (2014)) performed with two, side-by-side, force plates. Experiments were performed on 24 right-handed and right-footed young subjects. We analyzed five measures related to the COP of each foot and global data: anteroposterior and mediolateral range of oscillation, anteroposterior and mediolateral COP velocity, and sway area. Results showed that men consistently had larger COP parameters than women. The values of the COP parameters were correlated between the two feet only in the mediolateral axis of women. These findings suggest that optic flow stimulation causes asymmetry in postural balance and different lateralization of postural controls in men and women

Astrocyte-Specific Expression Patterns Associated with the PDGF-Induced Glioma Microenvironment

The tumor microenvironment contains normal, non-neoplastic cells that may contribute to tumor growth and maintenance. Within PDGF-driven murine gliomas, tumor-associated astrocytes (TAAs) are a large component of the tumor microenvironment. The function of non-neoplastic astrocytes in the glioma microenvironment has not been fully elucidated; moreover, the differences between these astrocytes and normal astrocytes are unknown. We therefore sought to identify genes and pathways that are increased in TAAs relative to normal astrocytes and also to determine whether expression of these genes correlates with glioma behavior.We compared the gene expression profiles of TAAs to normal astrocytes and found the Antigen Presentation Pathway to be significantly increased in TAAs. We then identified a gene signature for glioblastoma (GBM) TAAs and validated the expression of some of those genes within the tumor. We also show that TAAs are derived from the non-tumor, stromal environment, in contrast to the Olig2+ tumor cells that constitute the neoplastic elements in our model. Finally, we validate this GBM TAA signature in patients and show that a TAA-derived gene signature predicts survival specifically in the human proneural subtype of glioma.Our data identifies unique gene expression patterns between populations of TAAs and suggests potential roles for stromal astrocytes within the glioma microenvironment. We show that certain stromal astrocytes in the tumor microenvironment express a GBM-specific gene signature and that the majority of these stromal astrocyte genes can predict survival in the human disease

Systemic lupus erythematosus: immunopathogenesis and novel therapeutic targets

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is the prototype of autoimmune diseases with multiorgan involvement. SLE presents many genetic and epigenetic associations and the pathogenesis is characterized by a complex network of alterations affecting both adaptative and innate immunity. The disclosure of novel mechanisms of SLE pathogenesis suggested new therapeutic targets, based on interference with the cytokine pathways or on depletion of the immune cells

NF1 regulates mesenchymal gliblastoma plasticity and aggressiveness through the AP-1 transcription factor FOSL1

The molecular basis underlying glioblastoma (GBM) heterogeneity and plasticity is not fully understood. Using transcriptomic data of human patient-derived brain tumor stem cell lines (BTSCs), classified based on GBM-intrinsic signatures, we identify the AP-1 transcription factor FOSL1 as a key regulator of the mesenchymal (MES) subtype. We provide a mechanistic basis to the role of the neurofibromatosis type 1 gene (NF1), a negative regulator of the RAS/MAPK pathway, in GBM mesenchymal transformation through the modulation of FOSL1 expression. Depletion of FOSL1 in NF1-mutant human BTSCs and Kras-mutant mouse neural stem cells results in loss of the mesenchymal gene signature and reduction in stem cell properties and in vivo tumorigenic potential. Our data demonstrate that FOSL1 controls GBM plasticity and aggressiveness in response to NF1 alterations

CLINICAL OUTCOMES OF SELF-EXPAMDABLE METALLIC STENTS IN PALLIATION OF MALIGNANT ANASTOMOTIC STRICTURES: A SINGLE CENTER EXPERIENCE

Background: self-expandable metallic stents (SEMS) are employed as the preferred non surgical palliative treatment for gastric outlet obstruction due to malignancies. Metallic stents are often employed to treat malignant anastomotic obstructions after surgicsl interventions as esophagojejunostomy, gastrojejunostomy and esophagogastrojejunostomy. Methods: this case series reports prospectively the clinical outcomes of SEMS in the palliative care of malignant anastomotic strictures caused by the recurrence gastric cancer follwing gastric surgery as oncological curative treatment, in a series of nine consecutive patients, treated between January 2009 and december 2012 in our center. Results: Nine patients (M:F=8:1) were enrolled in the study. The operation was a total gastrectomy with esophagogastrojejunostomy (n=4), subtotal gastrectomy with Bilroth-II reconstruction (n=4), subtotal gastrectomy with Billroth-II reconstruction (n=3), and subtotal gastrectomy with esophagogastrostomy (n=2). The technical success rate was 88,9%, and the clinical success rate was 88.9%. The reostruction of the stent, due to the ingrowth of the tumor, occurred in 1 patient (11,1%) within 1 month after stent placement. the migration of the stent occurred after the placement of a covered stent in 1 patient who underwent a subtotal gastrectomy (with Billroth-II reconstruction). A case o partial stent dislodgement was treated with the placement of a second stent. The median survival period was 180 days (range, 30-240 days) and the median stent patency was 45 days 8range, 30-90 days). Conclusions: Although the number of the patients treated with SEMS results, in this series, almost small to certainly judge the safety and feasibility of SEMS, we believe that the endoscopic insertion of SEMS seems to be a safe, easily feasible, and effective treatment in the palliative care of malignant anastomotic strictures caused by the recurrence of gastric cancer following gastric surgery. The technical and clinical success, and the onset of complications of this procedure are influenced by several factors, such as the type of anastomosis, the technical features of the stent, and the extent of the underlying tumor

Glioblastoma and glioblastoma stem cells are dependent on functional MTH1

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is an aggressive form of brain cancer with poor prognosis. Cancer cells are characterized by a specific redox environment that adjusts metabolism to its specific needs and allows the tumor to grow and metastasize. As a consequence, cancer cells and especially GBM cells suffer from elevated oxidative pressure which requires antioxidant-defense and other sanitation enzymes to be upregulated. MTH1, which degrades oxidized nucleotides, is one of these defense enzymes and represents a promising cancer target. We found MTH1 expression levels elevated and correlated with GBM aggressiveness and discovered that siRNA knock-down or inhibition of MTH1 with small molecules efficiently reduced viability of patient-derived GBM cultures. The effect of MTH1 loss on GBM viability was likely mediated through incorporation of oxidized nucleotides and subsequent DNA damage. We revealed that MTH1 inhibition targets GBM independent of aggressiveness as well as potently kills putative GBM stem cells in vitro. We used an orthotopic zebrafish model to confirm our results in vivo and light-sheet microscopy to follow the effect of MTH1 inhibition in GBM in real time. In conclusion, MTH1 represents a promising target for GBM therapy and MTH1 inhibitors may also be effective in patients that suffer from recurring disease