Megahertz-rate ultrafast X-ray scattering and holographic imaging at the European XFEL

The advent of X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) has revolutionized fundamental science, from atomic to condensed matter physics, from chemistry to biology, giving researchers access to X-rays with unprecedented brightness, coherence and pulse duration. All XFEL facilities built until recently provided X-ray pulses at a relatively low repetition rate, with limited data statistics. Here, results from the first megahertz-repetition-rate X-ray scattering experiments at the Spectroscopy and Coherent Scattering (SCS) instrument of the European XFEL are presented. The experimental capabilities that the SCS instrument offers, resulting from the operation at megahertz repetition rates and the availability of the novel DSSC 2D imaging detector, are illustrated. Time-resolved magnetic X-ray scattering and holographic imaging experiments in solid state samples were chosen as representative, providing an ideal test-bed for operation at megahertz rates. Our results are relevant and applicable to any other non-destructive XFEL experiments in the soft X-ray range

Prediction of annular flows in vertical pipes with new correlations for the CATHARE-3 three-field model

International audiencePrediction of the critical heat flux is crucial for boiling system such as water cooled reactors. In the case of high steam qualities in the core, occurrence of the critical heat flux, also called dryout, is usually associated with evaporation of thin liquid film from the heated rods, thus leaving their clad in direct contact with the vapor phase. Several phenomena annular flow transition with corresponding initial conditions as well as entrainment and deposition of the droplets from or onto the liquid film require appropriate modeling in order to accurately estimate the occurrence of the dryout and its location.This work re-evaluates the models of CATHARE-3 system code with the extended data base of adiabatic and diabatic tests in vertical pipes. At the same time, a comparative study is performed which aims at the validation of the alternative model for entrainment and deposition of the droplets for the three-field model of the CATHARE-3 code. On one hand, extended adiabatic database shows area where the new models improve the prediction as well as indicates what the common weaknesses of both models are. On the other hand, extended diabatic database shows that current models of boiling entrainment and deposition inhibition for high pressures overpredict measured values for experiments with high heat fluxes. Moreover, the inherent models of CATHARE-3 are extended by the implementation of the Initial Entrainment Fraction (IEF) phenomenon. The model for IEF is developed using KTH film flow experiment and validated with diabatic Wurtz experiments. New set of models improve the predictions of droplet field against this database

Megahertz-rate ultrafast X-ray scattering and holographic imaging at the European XFEL

The advent of X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) has revolutionized fundamental science, from atomic to condensed matter physics, from chemistry to biology, giving researchers access to X-rays with unprecedented brightness, coherence and pulse duration. All XFEL facilities built until recently provided X-ray pulses at a relatively low repetition rate, with limited data statistics. Here, results from the first megahertz-repetition-rate X-ray scattering experiments at the Spectroscopy and Coherent Scattering (SCS) instrument of the European XFEL are presented. The experimental capabilities that the SCS instrument offers, resulting from the operation at megahertz repetition rates and the availability of the novel DSSC 2D imaging detector, are illustrated. Time-resolved magnetic X-ray scattering and holographic imaging experiments in solid state samples were chosen as representative, providing an ideal test-bed for operation at megahertz rates. Our results are relevant and applicable to any other non-destructive XFEL experiments in the soft X-ray range

Megahertz-rate Ultrafast X-ray Scattering and Holographic Imaging at the European XFEL

13 pages, 5 figures. Supplementary Information as ancillary fileThe advent of X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) has revolutionized fundamental science, from atomic to condensed matter physics, from chemistry to biology, giving researchers access to X-rays with unprecedented brightness, coherence, and pulse duration. All XFEL facilities built until recently provided X-ray pulses at a relatively low repetition rate, with limited data statistics. Here, we present the results from the first megahertz repetition rate X-ray scattering experiments at the Spectroscopy and Coherent Scattering (SCS) instrument of the European XFEL. We illustrate the experimental capabilities that the SCS instrument offers, resulting from the operation at MHz repetition rates and the availability of the novel DSSC 2D imaging detector. Time-resolved magnetic X-ray scattering and holographic imaging experiments in solid state samples were chosen as representative, providing an ideal test-bed for operation at megahertz rates. Our results are relevant and applicable to any other non-destructive XFEL experiments in the soft X-ray range