The Impact of Recent Queenloss and Colony Pheno-type on the Removal of Small Hive Beetle ( Aethina tumida Murray) Eggs and Larvae by African Honeybee Colonies ( Apis mellifera capensis Esch.)

The removal of small hive beetle [=SHB] eggs and larvae was studied in queenright and recently queenless Cape honeybee, Apis mellifera capensis, colonies over a range of phenotypes. The overall removal efficiency was not influenced by phenotypes or queenstate, because all introduced eggs and larvae were removed within 24 hours. Queenless colonies removed them merely slower than queenright ones. The latter ones rejected up to 300 larvae within one hour. However, colonies undergoing preparation for absconding did not completely remove SHB offspring, suggesting that removal efficiency was reduced. Since even small and recently queenless colonies effectively removed immature SHB, and no differences in the overall efficiency was found compared to A. m. scutellata we conclude that this defense behavior is well developed in African honeybee

Botulinum-Neurotoxin-A induzierte cholinerge Varikositäten im Caudatus-Putamen-Komplex der Maus: eine quantitative Studie

Nach intrastriataler Injektion von Botulinum-Neurotoxin-A in C57BL/6-Mäuse zeigten sich Botulinum-Neurotoxin-induzierte Varikositäten, kurz BiVs. Es wurden sowohl zeitliche als auch dosisabhängige Veränderungen der Chat-positiven Varikositätenvolumina und -dichte nach Injektion untersucht. TH-positive BiVs fanden sich nicht. Auf der Grundlage dieser Arbeit ist Botulinum-Neurotoxin-A eine experimentelle Therapieoption zur lokalen anticholinergen Therapie des Morbus Parkinson

Супровідний буклет до саксонського навчального плану - Suprovidnyy buklet do saksonsʹkoho navchalʹnoho planu

Групи позашкільної освіти та заклади для денного догляду мають супроводжувати освітні та виховні процеси в батьківському дому, підтримувати та доповнювати їх – але не замінювати. Тут діти мають можливість отримати життєвий досвід поза межами родини, ці заклади заохочують дітей знайо - митися з багатьма аспектами нашого світу. Ви напевно обрали заклад для денного до - гляду поблизу від Вашої квартири і ознайо - милися з його концепцією. Багато дитячих закладів розробляють власні стратегії за змістом та педагогічними принципами. Але всі дитячі заклади мають виконувати освітні задачі, що були закріплені в Саксонському плані освіти і з 2005 року є частиною зако - нодавства як Закон про підтримку дітей в закладах для денного догляду. Цей план не ставить вузьких рамок для праці закладу, він є фундаментом, орієнтиром і планом по найважливішим освітнім темам. Редакційний термін: 31 грудня 2021 рокуHorte, Bildungsgruppen und Tageseinrichtungen sollen Bildungs- und Erziehungsprozesse im Elternhaus begleiten, unterstützen und ergänzen – aber nicht ersetzen. Hier haben Kinder eine Chance um Lebenserfahrungen außerhalb der Familie zu sammeln, ermutigen diese Einrichtungen Kinder dazu, viele Aspekte unserer Welt kennenzulernen. Wahrscheinlich haben Sie sich für eine Einrichtung der Tagespflege in der Nähe Ihrer Wohnung entschieden und sich mit seinem Konzept auseinandergesetzt. Viele Kindereinrichtungen entwickeln eigene inhaltliche und pädagogische Konzepte. Aber alle Kindereinrichtungen müssen die Erziehungsaufgaben erfüllen, die im Sächsischen Bildungsplan von 2005 festgelegt wurden. Er ist Bestandteil der Gesetzgebung. Dieser Plan setzt keinen engen Rahmen für die Arbeit der Institution, er ist eine Grundlage, eine Richtlinie und ein Plan für die wichtigsten pädagogischen Themen. Redaktionsschluss: 31.12.202

Worldwide Diaspora of Aethina tumida (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae), a Nest Parasite of Honey Bees

Native to sub-Saharan Africa, Aethina tumida Murray (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) is now an invasive pest of honey bee, Apis mellifera L., colonies in Australia and North America. Knowledge about the introduction(s) of this beetle from Africa into and among the current ranges will elucidate pest populations and invasion pathways and contribute to knowledge of how a parasite expands in new populations. We examined genetic variation in adult beetle samples from the United States, Australia, Canada, and Africa by sequencing a 912-base pair region of the mitochondrial DNA cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene and screening 10 informative microsatellite loci. One Canadian introduction of small hive beetles can be traced to Australia, whereas the second introduction seems to have come from the United States. Beetles now resident in Australia were of a different African origin than were beetles in North America. North American beetles did not show covariance between two mitochondrial haplotypes and their microsatellite frequencies, suggesting that these beetles have a shared source despite having initial genetic structure within their introduced range. Excellent dispersal of beetles, aided in some cases by migratory beekeeping and the bee trade, seems to lead to panmixis in the introduced populations as well as in Afric

Conjugated Polyimidazole Nanoparticles as Biodegradable Electrode Materials for Organic Batteries

Conjugated polymers are promising active materials for batteries. Batteries not only need to have high energy density but should also combine safe handling with recyclability or biodegradability after reaching their end-of-life. Here, π-conjugated polyimidazole particles are developed, which are prepared using atom economic direct arylation adapted to a dispersion polymerization protocol. The synthesis yields polyimidazole nanoparticles of tunable size and narrow dispersity. In addition, the degree of crosslinking of the polymer particles can be controlled. It is demonstrated that the polyimidazole nanoparticles can be processed together with carbon black and biodegradable carboxymethyl cellulose binder as an active material for organic battery electrodes. Electrochemical characterization shows that a higher degree of crosslinking significantly improves the electrochemical performance and leads to clearer oxidation and reduction signals of the polymer. Polyimidazole as part of the composite electrode shows complete degradation by exposure to composting bacteria over the course of 72 h

Apolipoprotein E4 disrupts the neuroprotective action of sortilin in neuronal lipid metabolism and endocannabinoid signaling

INTRODUCTION: Apolipoprotein E (apoE) is a carrier for brain lipids and the most important genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). ApoE binds the receptor sortilin, which mediates uptake of apoE‐bound cargo into neurons. The significance of this uptake route for brain lipid homeostasis and AD risk seen with apoE4, but not apoE3, remains unresolved. METHODS: Combining neurolipidomics in patient specimens with functional studies in mouse models, we interrogated apoE isoform–specific functions for sortilin in brain lipid metabolism and AD. RESULTS: Sortilin directs the uptake and conversion of polyunsaturated fatty acids into endocannabinoids, lipid‐based neurotransmitters that act through nuclear receptors to sustain neuroprotective gene expression in the brain. This sortilin function requires apoE3, but is disrupted by binding of apoE4, compromising neuronal endocannabinoid metabolism and action. DISCUSSION: We uncovered the significance of neuronal apoE receptor sortilin in facilitating neuroprotective actions of brain lipids, and its relevance for AD risk seen with apoE4

ApoE4 disrupts interaction of sortilin with fatty acid-binding protein 7 essential to promote lipid signaling

Sortilin is a neuronal receptor for apolipoprotein E. Sortilin-dependent uptake of lipidated apoE promotes conversion of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) into neuromodulators that induce anti-inflammatory gene expression in the brain. This neuroprotective pathway works with apoE3 but is lost with apoE4, the main risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here, we elucidated steps in cellular handling of lipids through sortilin, and why they are disrupted by apoE4. Combining unbiased proteome screens with analyses in mouse models, we uncover interaction of sortilin with fatty acid-binding protein (FABP) 7, the intracellular carrier for PUFA in the brain. In the presence of apoE3, sortilin promotes functional expression of FABP7 and its ability to elicit lipid-dependent gene transcription. By contrast, apoE4 binding blocks sortilin sorting, causing catabolism of FABP7 and impairing lipid signaling. Reduced FABP7 levels in the brain of AD patients expressing apoE4 substantiate the relevance of these interactions for neuronal lipid homeostasis. Taken together, we document interaction of sortilin with mediators of extracellular and intracellular lipid transport that provides a mechanistic explanation for loss of a neuroprotective lipid metabolism in AD

Natural Variation in the Thermotolerance of Neural Function and Behavior due to a cGMP-Dependent Protein Kinase

Although it is acknowledged that genetic variation contributes to individual differences in thermotolerance, the specific genes and pathways involved and how they are modulated by the environment remain poorly understood. We link natural variation in the thermotolerance of neural function and behavior in Drosophila melanogaster to the foraging gene (for, which encodes a cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG)) as well as to its downstream target, protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A). Genetic and pharmacological manipulations revealed that reduced PKG (or PP2A) activity caused increased thermotolerance of synaptic transmission at the larval neuromuscular junction. Like synaptic transmission, feeding movements were preserved at higher temperatures in larvae with lower PKG levels. In a comparative assay, pharmacological manipulations altering thermotolerance in a central circuit of Locusta migratoria demonstrated conservation of this neuroprotective pathway. In this circuit, either the inhibition of PKG or PP2A induced robust thermotolerance of neural function. We suggest that PKG and therefore the polymorphism associated with the allelic variation in for may provide populations with natural variation in heat stress tolerance. for's function in behavior is conserved across most organisms, including ants, bees, nematodes, and mammals. PKG's role in thermotolerance may also apply to these and other species. Natural variation in thermotolerance arising from genes involved in the PKG pathway could impact the evolution of thermotolerance in natural populations