103 research outputs found
A study of residentsâ attitudes towards the socio-cultural impacts of tourism in the Larnaca region, Republic of Cyprus
Island tourist destinations are eager to embrace the economic benefits associated with tourism development without carefully evaluating tourism impacts through tourism impact assessments and residents' attitude studies so as to avoid serious issues that might arise in the process of a destination's development. This report presents the findings of a study conducted in the Larnaca region, of the Republic of Cyprus. The aim of the study was to explore residents' attitudes towards the socio-cultural impacts of tourism, taking into consideration factors that may play a role in the development of their attitudes (such as characteristics of island destinations), as well as their intention to act upon their attitude The study followed a mixed method approach that enabled the achievement a deeper understanding of residents' attitudes that can aid in the overall further development of the area with the least opposition from the locals. Recommendations derived from the findings indicate that tourism development can be a blessing in disguise, due to its complex and dynamic nature with asymmetrical impacts that need to be closely and continuously monitored. Recommendations are disseminated to the stakeholders of the study, namely the Cyprus Tourism Organisation and the Municipality of Larnaca that expressed residents' aspirations regarding the overall development of their area. Recommendations emanated from the study include: further promotion of the Larnaca region locally and internationally, further investment in Hospitality and Tourism related facilities, encouragement of sustainable tourism development, dissemination of tourism benefits to the community, residentsâ involvement in decision making and equal opportunities of development amongst all areas of the Republic of Cyprus. In addition to the recommendation given to the stakeholders, suggestions for further areas of research are identified
Towards Canonical Quantum Gravity for G1 Geometries in 2+1 Dimensions with a Lambda--Term
The canonical analysis and subsequent quantization of the (2+1)-dimensional
action of pure gravity plus a cosmological constant term is considered, under
the assumption of the existence of one spacelike Killing vector field. The
proper imposition of the quantum analogues of the two linear (momentum)
constraints reduces an initial collection of state vectors, consisting of all
smooth functionals of the components (and/or their derivatives) of the spatial
metric, to particular scalar smooth functionals. The demand that the
midi-superspace metric (inferred from the kinetic part of the quadratic
(Hamiltonian) constraint) must define on the space of these states an induced
metric whose components are given in terms of the same states, which is made
possible through an appropriate re-normalization assumption, severely reduces
the possible state vectors to three unique (up to general coordinate
transformations) smooth scalar functionals. The quantum analogue of the
Hamiltonian constraint produces a Wheeler-DeWitt equation based on this reduced
manifold of states, which is completely integrated.Comment: Latex 2e source file, 25 pages, no figures, final version (accepted
in CQG
Social representations and community attitudes towards spring breakers
Social representations theory has been adopted for explaining tourism impacts and local attitudes. However, its usefulness in segmenting local population in terms of their attitudes towards specific types of tourists has not been tested. This study identifies the attitudes of local people towards spring break, a North American young tourist phenomenon in the context of the Mexican beach resort of Acapulco. Although residents perceive an increase in alcohol consumption, drug use, noise and litter during the spring break season, they largely recognise economic benefits and are thus generally supportive for the phenomenon. Based on these attitudes, three clusters were identified: spring break supporters (identified by their high appreciation of spring break benefits), ambivalents (who are uncertain about both benefits and costs) and realistics (characterised by recognising both benefits and costs). The main contribution of this study lies in the confirmation of the usefulness of social representations theory in explaining residentsâ attitudes towards a very specific type of tourists whose hedonist behaviours are a common characteristic
Conditional Symmetries and the Canonical Quantization of Constrained Minisuperspace Actions: the Schwarzschild case
A conditional symmetry is defined, in the phase-space of a quadratic in
velocities constrained action, as a simultaneous conformal symmetry of the
supermetric and the superpotential. It is proven that such a symmetry
corresponds to a variational (Noether) symmetry.The use of these symmetries as
quantum conditions on the wave-function entails a kind of selection rule. As an
example, the minisuperspace model ensuing from a reduction of the Einstein -
Hilbert action by considering static, spherically symmetric configurations and
r as the independent dynamical variable, is canonically quantized. The
conditional symmetries of this reduced action are used as supplementary
conditions on the wave function. Their integrability conditions dictate, at a
first stage, that only one of the three existing symmetries can be consistently
imposed. At a second stage one is led to the unique Casimir invariant, which is
the product of the remaining two, as the only possible second condition on
. The uniqueness of the dynamical evolution implies the need to identify
this quadratic integral of motion to the reparametrisation generator. This can
be achieved by fixing a suitable parametrization of the r-lapse function,
exploiting the freedom to arbitrarily rescale it. In this particular
parametrization the measure is chosen to be the determinant of the supermetric.
The solutions to the combined Wheeler - DeWitt and linear conditional symmetry
equations are found and seen to depend on the product of the two "scale
factors"Comment: 20 pages, LaTeX2e source file, no figure
Towards Canonical Quantum Gravity for Geometries Admitting Maximally Symmetric Two-dimensional Surfaces
The 3+1 (canonical) decomposition of all geometries admitting two-dimensional
space-like surfaces is exhibited. A proposal consisting of a specific
re-normalization {\bf Assumption} and an accompanying {\bf Requirement} is put
forward, which enables the canonical quantization of these geometries. The
resulting Wheeler-deWitt equation is based on a re-normalized manifold
parameterized by three smooth scalar functionals. The entire space of solutions
to this equation is analytically given, exploiting the freedom left by the
imposition of the {\bf Requirement} and contained in the third functional.Comment: 27 pages, no figures, LaTex2e source fil
Effectiveness of Motivational Interviewing in improving lipid level in patients with dyslipidemia assisted by general practitioners: Dislip-EM study protocol
<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The non-pharmacological approach to cholesterol control in patients with hyperlipidemia is based on the promotion of a healthy diet and physical activity. Thus, to help patients change their habits, it is essential to identify the most effective approach. Many efforts have been devoted to explain changes in or adherence to specific health behaviors. Such efforts have resulted in the development of theories that have been applied in prevention campaigns, and that include brief advice and counseling services. Within this context, Motivational Interviewing has proven to be effective in changing health behaviors in specific cases. However, more robust evidence is needed on the effectiveness of Motivational Interviewing in treating chronic pathologies -such as dyslipidemia- in patients assisted by general practitioners. This article describes a protocol to assess the effectiveness of MI as compared with general practice (brief advice), with the aim of improving lipid level control in patients with dyslipidemia assisted by a general practitioner.</p> <p>Methods/Design</p> <p>An open, two-arm parallel, multicentre, cluster, controlled, randomized, clinical trial will be performed. A total of 48-50 general practitioners from 35 public primary care centers in Spain will be randomized and will recruit 436 patients with dyslipidemia. They will perform an intervention based either on Motivational Interviewing or on the usual brief advice. After an initial assessment, follow-ups will be performed at 2, 4, 8 and 12 months. Primary outcomes are lipid levels (total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides) and cardiovascular risk. The study will assess the degree of dietary and physical activity improvement, weight loss in overweight patients, and adherence to treatment guidelines.</p> <p>Discussion</p> <p>Motivational interview skills constitute the primary strategies GPs use to treat their patients. Having economical, simple, effective and applicable techniques is essential for primary care professionals to help their patients change their lifestyle and improve their health. This study will provide scientific evidence on the effectiveness of Motivational interviewing, and will be performed under strict control over the data collected, ensuring the maintenance of therapeutic integrity.</p> <p>Trials Registration</p> <p>ClinicalTrials.gov (<a href="http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01282190">NCT01282190</a>).</p
Preventing disease through opportunistic, rapid engagement by primary care teams using behaviour change counselling (PRE-EMPT): protocol for a general practice-based cluster randomised trial
BACKGROUND: Smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, lack of exercise and an unhealthy diet are the key modifiable factors contributing to premature morbidity and mortality in the developed world. Brief interventions in health care consultations can be effective in changing single health behaviours. General Practice holds considerable potential for primary prevention through modifying patients' multiple risk behaviours, but feasible, acceptable and effective interventions are poorly developed, and uptake by practitioners is low. Through a process of theoretical development, modeling and exploratory trials, we have developed an intervention called Behaviour Change Counselling (BCC) derived from Motivational Interviewing (MI). This paper describes the protocol for an evaluation of a training intervention (the Talking Lifestyles Programme) which will enable practitioners to routinely use BCC during consultations for the above four risk behaviours. METHODS/DESIGN: This cluster randomised controlled efficacy trial (RCT) will evaluate the outcomes and costs of this training intervention for General Practitioners (GPs) and nurses. Training methods will include: a practice-based seminar, online self-directed learning, and reflecting on video recorded and simulated consultations. The intervention will be evaluated in 29 practices in Wales, UK; two clinicians will take part (one GP and one nurse) from each practice. In intervention practices both clinicians will receive training. The aim is to recruit 2000 patients into the study with an expected 30% drop out. The primary outcome will be the proportion of patients making changes in one or more of the four behaviours at three months. Results will be compared for patients seeing clinicians trained in BCC with patients seeing non-BCC trained clinicians. Economic and process evaluations will also be conducted. DISCUSSION: Opportunistic engagement by health professionals potentially represents a cost effective medical intervention. This study integrates an existing, innovative intervention method with an innovative training model to enable clinicians to routinely use BCC, providing them with new tools to encourage and support people to make healthier choices. This trial will evaluate effectiveness in primary care and determine costs of the intervention
From the Sum of Near-Zero Energy Buildings to the Whole of a Near-Zero Energy Housing Settlement: The Role of Communal Spaces in Performance-Driven Design
Almost a century ago Modernism challenged the structure of the city and reshaped its physical space in order to, amongst other things, accommodate new transportation infrastructure and road networks proclaiming the,nowadays much-debated âscientificatedâ pursuit of efficiency for the city. This transformation has had a great impact on the way humans still design, move in, occupy and experience the city. Today major cities in Europe, such as Paris
and London, are considering banning vehicles from their historic centers. In parallel, significant effort is currently underway internationally by designers,
architects, and engineers to integrate innovative technologies and sophisticated solutions for energy production, management, and storage, as well as for
efficient energy consumption, into the architecture of buildings. In general, this effort seeks for new technologies and design methods (e.g., DesignBuilder
with EnergyPlus simulation engine; Rhicoceros3D with Grasshopper plugin and Ecotect, Radiance and EnergyPlus tools) that would enable a holistic approach to the spatial design of Near-Zero Energy buildings, so that their
ecological benefits are an added value to the architectural design and a buildingâs visual, and material, impact on its surrounding space. The paper inquires how the integration of such technological infrastructure and performance-orientated interfaces changes yet again the structure and form of cities, and to what extent it safeguards social rights and enables equal access to common
resources. Drawing from preliminary results and initial considerations of ongoing research that involve the construction of four innovative NZE settlements
across Europe, in the context of the EU-funded ZERO-PLUS project, this paper discusses the integration of novel infrastructure in communal spaces of these settlements. In doing so, it contributes to the debate about smart communities and their role in the sustainable management of housing developments and settlements that are designed and developed with the concept of smart territories
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