La imagen de la Virgen de Guadalupe por Don Francisco Antonio de Lorenzana

Francisco Antonio Lorenzana nació en León, en 1722. En 1765, era obispo de Plasencia (Cáceres) y, un año después, fue nombrado arzobispo de México, donde estuve hasta ser escogido arzobispo de Toledo. En 1789, él pasó a cardenal y de 1794 a 1797 fue inquisidor general. Además de los cargos eclesiásticos, Lorenzana fue autor de diversas escritos religiosos y asimismo de la Historia de la Nueva España escrita por su esclarecido conquistador Hernán Cortés, reuniendo cartas de Cortés y anotaciones suyas. En esa obra, así como en otras, expresó su preocupación con el proceso de mestizaje, rasgo de diferenciación entre España y América. Esa ponencia se concentrará en el análisis de la Oración a Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe, publicada en 1770, en que el arzobispo describe la aparición de la Virgen María, en la Ciudad de México, en 1531, sus primeros milagros, las diligencias, reuniendo teólogos, canonistas y pintores, para determinar como la imagen había sido compuesta y como se reconoció su naturaleza divina. Por fin, Lorenzana interpreta los significados de la imagen y de la aparición. Así, el objetivo de la ponencia será observar la interpretación de Lorenzana de la imagen de la Virgen de Guadalupe. Una indicación importante para el análisis será su afirmación de que el buen pintor "en el sagrado es un predicador mudo" y, por lo tanto, se puede pensar que una imagen divina puede tener un efecto aun más eficaz y más permanente.Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educació

Survey of trypanosoma (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) infection in monte negro municipality, state of rondônia, western amazon, with first record of t. evansi in the state

Introduction: Trypanosomes can infect humans and animals. This is the first record of the occurrence of Trypanosoma evansi in Rondônia. Methods: Blood samples were collected from 7 dogs and 22 humans. Furthermore, triatomines and tabanids were collected. Results: It was observed that 42.8% of the dogs tested positive for T. evansi and 14.3% presented mixed infection; 15% of the triatomines tested positive for flagellates identified as T. cruzi TCI (3 specimens), T. cruzi TCI, and T. rangeli (1 specimen), and one with T. cruzi TCV. Two tabanids were infected with T. theileri. Conclusions: These findings may benefit vector control strategies. © 2019, Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical. All rights reserved

Evolução dos cadastros individuais no SISAB a partir do novo financiamento da Atenção Básica: Um estudo descritivo

It is understood that the new financing of Primary Care through Previne Brasil instituted in November 2019, implied the need for individual registrations as a premise for transferring resources to the municipalities. In the meantime, it is noteworthy that this study aims to highlight the evolution of the number of individual registrations of e-SUS AB among the Northeastern states in the period between the third quarter of 2019 (2019Q3) and the third quarter of 2020 (2020Q3). This is a descriptive cross-sectional study of a quantitative nature, based on secondary data collected from the Primary Care Information System between February and March 2021. When analyzing the results, the state that showed the greatest evolution in the number of registrations was Bahia with a percentage equivalent to 7.12%, while only Ceará showed no growth in the number of registrations. The other states in the Northeast region did not show an increase of more than 4%. After one year of implementation of the Program, it was observed that the evolution of the registrations is still incipient, and new investigations are needed with the municipalities in order to identify strategies to increase individual registrations and therefore maintain the cost of Primary Health Care.Se entiende que la nueva financiación de la Atención Primaria a través de Previne Brasil, instituida en noviembre de 2019, implicó la necesidad de registros individuales como premisa para la transferencia de recursos a los municipios. Mientras tanto, cabe destacar que este estudio tiene como objetivo mostrar la evolución del número de registros individuales de e-SUS AB entre los estados del noreste en el período comprendido entre el tercer trimestre de 2019 (2019Q3) y el tercer trimestre de 2020 (2020Q3). Se trata de un estudio descriptivo transversal de carácter cuantitativo, basado en datos secundarios recogidos del Sistema de Información de Atención Primaria entre febrero y marzo de 2021. Al analizar los resultados, el estado que mostró la mayor evolución en el número de registros fue Bahía con un porcentaje equivalente al 7,12%, mientras que sólo Ceará no mostró crecimiento en el número de registros. Los demás estados que componen la región noreste no registraron un crecimiento superior al 4%. Después de un año de implementación del programa, se observó que la evolución de las inscripciones es aún incipiente, lo que exige nuevas investigaciones con los municipios para identificar estrategias que permitan aumentar las inscripciones individuales y, por lo tanto, mantener el costo de la Atención Primaria de Salud. Traducción realizada con la versión gratuita del traductor www.DeepL.com/TranslatorCompreende-se que o novo financiamento da Atenção Básica através do Previne Brasil instituído em novembro de 2019, implicou na necessidade de cadastros individuais como premissa para repasse de recursos aos municípios. Neste ínterim, ressalta-se que este estudo pretende evidenciar a evolução do número de cadastros individuais do e-SUS AB entre os estados do Nordeste no período entre o terceiro quadrimestre de 2019 (2019Q3) e o terceiro quadrimestre de 2020 (2020Q3). Trata-se de um estudo transversal descritivo de natureza quantitativa, pautado em dados secundários coletados do Sistema de Informação da Atenção Básica, entre fevereiro e março de 2021. Ao analisar os resultados, aquele estado que apresentou maior evolução no número de cadastros foi a Bahia com percentual equivalente a 7,12%, enquanto que apenas o Ceará não apresentou crescimento no número de cadastros. Os outros estados que compõem a região Nordeste, não apresentaram crescimento superior a 4%. Em um ano de implantação do Programa, observou-se que a evolução dos cadastros ainda é incipiente, sendo necessárias novas investigações junto aos municípios a fim de serem levantadas estratégias para incremento dos cadastros individuais e por conseguinte manutenção do custeio da Atenção Primária à Saúde

Production and release of heat-labile toxin by wild-type human-derived enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli

Production and release of heat-labile toxin (LT) by wild-type enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) strains, isolated from diarrheic and asymptomatic Brazilian children, was studied under in vitro and in vivo conditions. Based on a set of 26 genetically diverse LT+ enterotoxigenic E. coli strains, cell-bound LT concentrations varied from 49.8 to 2415 ng mL(-1). the amounts of toxin released in culture supernatants ranged from 0% to 50% of the total synthesized toxin. the amount of LT associated with secreted membrane vesicles represented < 5% of the total toxin detected in culture supernatants. ETEC strains secreting higher amounts of LT, but not those producing high intracellular levels of cell-bound toxin, elicited enhanced fluid accumulation in tied rabbit ileal loops, suggesting that the strain-specific differences in production and secretion of LT correlates with symptoms induced in vivo. However, no clear correlation was established between the ability to produce and secrete LT and the clinical symptoms of the infected individuals. the present results indicate that production and release of LT by wild-type human-derived ETEC strains are heterogeneous traits under both in vitro and in vivo growth conditions and may impact the clinical outcomes of infected individuals.Univ São Paulo, Dept Microbiol, Inst Ciencias Biomed, São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Microbiol Imunol & Parasitol, São Paulo, BrazilFdn Oswaldo Cruz, Escola Nacl Saude Publ, Rio de Janeiro, BrazilUniv São Paulo, Dept Patol, Fac Med Vet & Zootecn, São Paulo, BrazilInst Butantan, Div Desenvolvimento Tecnol & Prod, São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Microbiol Imunol & Parasitol, São Paulo, BrazilWeb of Scienc

Durable cellular immune response against inactivated ZIKV and envelope proteins in ZIKV-infected women during pregnancy

IntroductionZika virus (ZIKV) infection has been associated to Guillain-Barré syndrome in adults and congenital malformations during pregnancy, leading to the manifestation of congenital Zika syndrome (CZS). The ZIKV envelope protein (EZIKV), prominently displayed on the virus surface, is a primary target for the humoral immune response. However, limited information exists regarding its capacity to induce cellular immunity, particularly in pregnant women with a history of ZIKV infection. The EZIKV protein comprises three domains: the central domain (EDI), a dimerization domain (EDII), and a domain responsible for binding to the cell surface receptor (EDIII). To examine the regions of EZIKV targeted by cellular immunity, we examined cellular immune responses in a cohort of mothers infected with ZIKV, whose infants exhibited microcephaly.MethodsTo assess the ZIKV-specific response, we used inactivated virus and different recombinant viral envelope proteins (EZIKV, EDI/IIZIKV and EDIIIZIKV). All women in the study contracted the infection during pregnancy, with 72% experiencing symptoms such as fever, rash, joint pain, and retro-orbital pain. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PMBC) were collected post- ZIKV diagnosis confirmation, with a median time of 18 months (IQR 13.5-19) after parturition. Using the ELISpot assay, we quantified specific interferon-gamma (IFNγ) producing cells by stimulating PBMC with either inactivated ZIKV particles or equimolar amounts of recombinant EZIKV, EDI/IIZIKV and EDIIIZIKV.Results and discussionOur findings demonstrate the induction of IFN-γ producing cells in PBMC from ZIKV-convalescent mothers, whose infants manifested microcephaly, upon stimulation with both inactivated ZIKV particles and recombinant proteins. The identification of immunodominant regions within ZIKV can contribute for the development of targeted treatments and vaccine candidates tailored for pregnant women

Parenteral adjuvant effects of an enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli natural heat-labile toxin variant

Native type I heat-labile toxins (LTs) produced by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) strains exert strong adjuvant effects on both antibody and T cell responses to soluble and particulate antigens following co-administration via mucosal routes. However, inherent enterotoxicity and neurotoxicity (following intra-nasal delivery) had reduced the interest in the use of these toxins as mucosal adjuvants. LTs can also behave as powerful and safe adjuvants following delivery via parenteral routes, particularly for activation of cytotoxic lymphocytes. In the present study, we evaluated the adjuvant effects of a new natural LT polymorphic form (LT2), after delivery via intradermal (i.d.) and subcutaneous (s.c.) routes, with regard to both antibody and T cell responses. A recombinant HIV-1 p24 protein was employed as a model antigen for determination of antigen-specific immune responses while the reference LT (LT1), produced by the ETEC H10407 strain, and a non-toxigenic LT form (LTK63) were employed as previously characterized LT types. LT-treated mice submitted to a four dose-base immunization regimen elicited similar p24-specific serum IgG responses and CD4(+) T cell activation. Nonetheless, mice immunized with LT1 or LT2 induced higher numbers of antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells and in vivo cytotoxic responses compared to mice immunized with the non-toxic LT derivative. These effects were correlated with stronger activation of local dendritic cell populations. In addition, mice immunized with LT1 and LT2, but not with LTK63, via s.c. or i.d. routes developed local inflammatory reactions. Altogether, the present results confirmed that the two most prevalent natural polymorphic LT variants (LT1 or LT2) display similar and strong adjuvant effects for subunit vaccines administered via i.d. or s.c. routes.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)National Institute of Science and Technology in Vaccines (INCTV

Os impactos da pandemia de Coronavírus na Saúde mental de enfermeiros

Introduction: This work is based on concerns related to the increase in mental health impact rates that have been affecting nursing professionals, and which are mainly highlighted during the COVID-19 pandemic. Objective: To produce a theoretical reflection on emotional exhaustion in the hospital environment of nurses in the face of the pandemic. Methodology: This is an Integrative Literature Review (RIL) or was developed through a search for publications obtained in the databases: LILACS and VHL. The descriptors of mental health, nursing and coronavirus infections were used. Finally, 06 publications were chosen to compose the study. Results: During the research, it became clear how, in times of COVID-19, nurses have been developing considerable problems in their mental health, such as stress, fatigue, anxiety and even depression. This can be caused by work overload, as well as fatigue, both physical and mental, the feeling of incapacity and professional uncertainty. Final considerations: Therefore, it is important to ensure attention to the psycho-emotional health of nurses, supported by interventions aimed at better space and working conditions.Introdução: Este trabalho parte da inquietação relacionada aos acréscimos das taxas de impactos na saúde mental que vem afetando os profissionais da enfermagem, e que durante a pandemia da COVID-19 estão principalmente acentuadas. Objetivo: Produzir uma reflexão teórica sobre o esgotamento emocional no ambiente hospitalar dos enfermeiros frente à pandemia. Metodologia: Trata-se de uma Revisão Integrativa da Literatura (RIL) o qual foi desenvolvido mediante a busca de publicações obtidas nas bases de dados: LILACS e BVS. Foram utilizados os descritores de saúde mental, enfermagem e infecções por coronavírus. Por fim, optou-se por 06 publicações para compor o estudo. Resultados: No decorrer da pesquisa, foi tornando-se notório como, em tempos de COVID-19, os enfermeiros vêm desenvolvendo inúmeros problemas em sua saúde mental, tais como estresse, fadiga, ansiedade e até mesmo depressão. Isso pode ser ocasionado pela sobrecarga de trabalho, bem como pelo cansaço, tanto físico como mental, pela sensação de incapacidade e incerteza profissional. Considerações finais: Constata-se, portanto, a importância em&nbsp;&nbsp; garantir uma atenção para a saúde psicoemocional do enfermeiro(a), apoiado em intervenções que visem um melhor espaço e condições de trabalho

Autophagic Induction Greatly Enhances Leishmania major Intracellular Survival Compared to Leishmania amazonensis in CBA/j-Infected Macrophages

CBA mouse macrophages control Leishmania major infection yet are permissive to Leishmania amazonensis. Few studies have been conducted to assess the role played by autophagy in Leishmania infection. Therefore, we assessed whether the autophagic response of infected macrophages may account for the differential behavior of these two parasite strains. After 24 h of infection, the LC3-II/Act ratio increased in both L. amazonensis- and L. major-infected macrophages compared to uninfected controls, but less than in chloroquine-treated cells. This suggests that L. amazonensis and L. major activate autophagy in infected macrophages, without altering the autophagic flux. Furthermore, L. major-infected cells exhibited higher percentages of DQ-BSA-labeled parasitophorous vacuoles (50%) than those infected by L. amazonensis (25%). However, L. major- and L. amazonensis-induced parasitophorous vacuoles accumulated LysoTracker similarly, indicating that the acidity in both compartment was equivalent. At as early as 30 min, endogenous LC3 was recruited to both L. amazonensis- and L. major-induced parasitophorous vacuoles, while after 24 h a greater percentage of LC3 positive vacuoles was observed in L. amazonensis-infected cells (42.36%) compared to those infected by L. major (18.10%). Noteworthy, principal component analysis (PCA) and an hierarchical cluster analysis completely discriminated L. major-infected macrophages from L. amazonensis-infected cells accordingly to infection intensity and autophagic features of parasite-induced vacuoles. Then, we evaluated whether the modulation of autophagy exerted an influence on parasite infection in macrophages. No significant changes were observed in both infection rate or parasite load in macrophages treated with the autophagic inhibitors wortmannin, chloroquine or VPS34-IN1, as well as with the autophagic inducers rapamycin or physiological starvation, in comparison to untreated control cells. Interestingly, both autophagic inducers enhanced intracellular L. amazonensis and L. major viability, while the pharmacological inhibition of autophagy exerted no effects on intracellular parasite viability. We also demonstrated that autophagy induction reduced NO production by L. amazonensis- and L. major-infected macrophages but not alters arginase activity. These findings provide evidence that although L. amazonensis-induced parasitophorous vacuoles recruit LC3 more markedly, L. amazonensis and L. major similarly activate the autophagic pathway in CBA macrophages. Interestingly, the exogenous induction of autophagy favors L. major intracellular viability to a greater extent than L. amazonensis related to a reduction in the levels of NO

Predicting the Proteins of Angomonas deanei, Strigomonas culicis and Their Respective Endosymbionts Reveals New Aspects of the Trypanosomatidae Family

Endosymbiont-bearing trypanosomatids have been considered excellent models for the study of cell evolution because the host protozoan co-evolves with an intracellular bacterium in a mutualistic relationship. Such protozoa inhabit a single invertebrate host during their entire life cycle and exhibit special characteristics that group them in a particular phylogenetic cluster of the Trypanosomatidae family, thus classified as monoxenics. in an effort to better understand such symbiotic association, we used DNA pyrosequencing and a reference-guided assembly to generate reads that predicted 16,960 and 12,162 open reading frames (ORFs) in two symbiont-bearing trypanosomatids, Angomonas deanei (previously named as Crithidia deanei) and Strigomonas culicis (first known as Blastocrithidia culicis), respectively. Identification of each ORF was based primarily on TriTrypDB using tblastn, and each ORF was confirmed by employing getorf from EMBOSS and Newbler 2.6 when necessary. the monoxenic organisms revealed conserved housekeeping functions when compared to other trypanosomatids, especially compared with Leishmania major. However, major differences were found in ORFs corresponding to the cytoskeleton, the kinetoplast, and the paraflagellar structure. the monoxenic organisms also contain a large number of genes for cytosolic calpain-like and surface gp63 metalloproteases and a reduced number of compartmentalized cysteine proteases in comparison to other TriTryp organisms, reflecting adaptations to the presence of the symbiont. the assembled bacterial endosymbiont sequences exhibit a high A+T content with a total of 787 and 769 ORFs for the Angomonas deanei and Strigomonas culicis endosymbionts, respectively, and indicate that these organisms hold a common ancestor related to the Alcaligenaceae family. Importantly, both symbionts contain enzymes that complement essential host cell biosynthetic pathways, such as those for amino acid, lipid and purine/pyrimidine metabolism. These findings increase our understanding of the intricate symbiotic relationship between the bacterium and the trypanosomatid host and provide clues to better understand eukaryotic cell evolution.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)ERC AdG SISYPHEUniv Fed Rio de Janeiro, Inst Biofis Carlos Chagas Filho, Lab Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, BR-21941 Rio de Janeiro, BrazilUniv Fed Rio de Janeiro, Inst Biofis Carlos Chagas Filho, Lab Metab Macromol Firmino Torres de Castro, BR-21941 Rio de Janeiro, BrazilLab Bioinformat, Lab Nacl Computacao Cient, Rio de Janeiro, BrazilINRIA Grenoble Rhone Alpes, BAMBOO Team, Villeurbanne, FranceUniv Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5558, Lab Biometrie & Biol Evolut, F-69622 Villeurbanne, FranceUniv Estadual Campinas, Inst Biol, Dept Genet Evolucao & Bioagentes, São Paulo, BrazilUniv São Paulo, Fac Ciencias Farmaceut Ribeirao Preto, Dept Ciencias Farmaceut, São Paulo, BrazilLab Nacl Ciencia & Tecnol Bioetano, São Paulo, BrazilUniv Fed Minas Gerais, Inst Ciencias Biol, Dept Bioquim & Imunol, Belo Horizonte, MG, BrazilUniv Fed Goias, Inst Ciencias Biol, Mol Biol Lab, Goiania, Go, BrazilFundacao Oswaldo Cruz, Inst Carlos Chagas, Lab Biol Mol Tripanossomatideos, Curitiba, Parana, BrazilFundacao Oswaldo Cruz, Inst Carlos Chagas, Lab Genom Func, Curitiba, Parana, BrazilUniv Estadual Campinas, Ctr Pluridisciplinar Pesquisas Quim Biol & Agr, São Paulo, BrazilUniv Fed Minas Gerais, Inst Ciencias Biol, Dept Parasitol, Belo Horizonte, MG, BrazilUniv Fed Santa Catarina, Dept Microbiol Imunol & Parasitol, Ctr Ciencias Biol, Lab Protozool & Bioinformat, Florianopolis, SC, BrazilUniv Fed Vicosa, Dept Bioquim & Biol Mol, Ctr Ciencias Biol & Saude, Vicosa, MG, BrazilInst Butantan, Lab Especial Ciclo Celular, São Paulo, BrazilUniv São Paulo, Dept Biol, Fac Filosofia Ciencias & Letras Ribeirao Preto, São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista Med, Dept Microbiol Imunol & Parasitol, São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista Med, Dept Microbiol Imunol & Parasitol, São Paulo, BrazilWeb of Scienc