5 research outputs found

    Aspectos da variabilidade espacial e arrasto em sítios experimentais da Floresta Amazônica

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    In this doctoral thesis is characterized and studies the forest-atmosphere interaction through nonlinear tools using data from micrometeorological towers and high-resolution environmental satellites images. We analyzed the forest-atmosphere interaction and characteristics of horizontal heterogeneity regarding the Amazonian experimental sites Sustainable Development Reserve Uatumã (1 56 'S 2 21' S and 59 16 'W 57 57' W) and the Biological Reserve in Jarú Rondônia (10 05 'S 10 19' S and 61 35 'W 61 57' W), which contain primary forest. We analyzed the average aspect vertical wind profile above and inside the canopy structure, such as analytical expressions for it, for example, a hyperbolic tangent function and its variant, considering also the variability of the inflection point of the height of the profile and its relation to the scale of the occurrence of coherent structures. We studied aspects of surface drag and consequences of its existence drains above dense forests. We have investigated the occurrence of gravity waves (GWs) above experimental site in central Amazonia, generated by the ground swell in the nocturnal boundary layer (NBL). We used the number of internal waves to classify Scorer forced by gravity or no topography. To this were certain characteristic scales of rolling terrain for various wind directions between wind north-east and south-east, which are prevalent in the region. Altimetric data were used with a resolution of 30 m, which provided information to detect the characteristic length scales of the terrain undulations in specific directions via multi-scale analysis using the Continuous Wavelet Transform with a Morlet wavelet analyzer. Were also used meteorological data measured in a tower 80 meters high (2 08 '40.0 "S 59 ° 00' 10.0" W) which lies approximately 130 meters above sea level, as part of German-Brazilian scientific project "ATTO" (Amazonian Tall Tower Observatorium) in experimental site of Sustainable Development Reserve Uatumã, northeast of Amazonas. The results showed that most of the GWs detected satisfied the criterion Steeneveld et al. (2009) to characterize waves induced Orografically. Those who did not meet this criterion were detected preferably in two arcs centered on meteorological tower, the first in which the wind direction was between 0° to 45°, and the second, with the wind direction between 120° and 180°. WGs events not forced by the topography are associated with the "Night Regime Turbulence 3" proposed by Sun et al. (2012), where the local effects do not predominate in the generation of turbulence, but effects associated with strong descending air movements and located in time (the top-down phenomena). As part of the characterization of horizontal heterogeneity of the land, we used high spatial resolution satellite imagery (IKONOS, 1 -4 m) to investigate aspects of variability in scale texture regions covered by the forest and deforested area in the Rebio- Jarú. We sought to determine the existence of possible variability patterns in the texture of vegetation cover for scale in both regions covered by forest, pasture, forestpasture, cultivated area and water bodies. The detection of texture characteristic scales was developed through directional study based on the application of Continuous Wavelet Transform Two-dimensional, using the Morlet wavelet function of analyzer. The Recurrence Analysis and its quantifiers was a method of analysis of nonlinear time series used to discriminate regions covered by forests of others with different land uses in the area located west of the Brazilian Amazon from a satellite image of high resolution . This was done as part of efforts to identify and characterize heterogeneity patterns of tropical forest and other areas with coverage in the Amazon region. The results suggest the existence of possible preferential axes of texture patterns in forested areas and specific standards for areas with different land cover and water bodies. In addition to these results and innovative methodologies, the conclusion of this study highlights the importance of adequately characterize the horizontal variability of the land and to investigate aspects of the relationship between this variability and the occurrence of specific physical phenomena in the atmospheric boundary layer. This type of research will point certainly innovative ways to identify the most appropriate parameterization of forest-atmosphere exchange processes in complex terrain.Nesta tese de doutorado caracteriza-se e estuda-se a interação floresta-atmosfera por meio de ferramentas não-lineares utilizando dados de torres micrometeorológicas e de imagens de alta resolução de satélites ambientais. Foram analisadas a interação floresta-atmosfera e características da heterogeneidade horizontal referentes aos sítios experimentais amazônicos de Reserva de Desenvolvimento Sustentável de Uatumã (1º 56' S 2º 21' S e 59º 16' W 57º 57' W) e da Reserva Biológica do Jarú em Rondônia (10º 05' S 10º 19' S e 61º 35' W 61º 57' W), os quais contêm floresta primária. Foram analisados aspectos do perfil vertical do vento médio acima e no interior do dossel florestal, tais como expressões analíticas para ele, como, por exemplo, a função tangente hiperbólica e variante suas, considerando-se inclusive a variabilidade da altura do ponto de inflexão do perfil e sua relação com a escala de ocorrência de estruturas coerentes. Foram estudados aspectos do arrasto superficial e consequências de sua existência em escoamentos acima de florestas densas. Procurou-se investigar a ocorrência de ondas de gravidade (OGs) acima de sítio experimental na Amazônia central, geradas pela ondulação do terreno na camada limite noturna (CLN). Utilizouse o número de Scorer para classificar ondas internas de gravidade forçadas ou não pela orografia. Para isso foram determinadas escalas características das ondulações do terreno para várias direções do vento compreendidas entre vento de norte-leste e de leste-sul, que são predominantes na região. Foram utilizadas imagens altimétricas com resolução de 30 m, as quais forneceram informações para a detecção de escalas de comprimento características das ondulações do terreno em direções específicas, via análise multi-escala, utilizando-se a Transformada Wavelet Contínua, com uma wavelet analisadora de Morlet. Também foram utilizados dados meteorológicos medidos em uma torre de 80 m de altura (2º 08' 40,0" S 59° 00' 10,0" W) que se encontra aproximadamente a 130 m acima do nível do mar, como parte integrante do projeto científico teuto-brasileiro “ATTO” (Amazonian Tall Tower Observatorium), no sitio experimental da Reserva de Desenvolvimento Sustentável de Uatumã, a nordeste do Amazonas. Os resultados mostraram que a maior parte das OGs detectadas satisfizeram o critério de Steeneveld et al. (2009) para caracterização de ondas induzidas orograficamente. Aquelas que não satisfizeram tal critério foram as detectadas preferencialmente em dois arcos, centrados na torre meteorológica, o primeiro, em que a direção do vento esteve entre 0º a 45º, e o segundo, com a direção do vento entre 120º e 180º. Os eventos de OGs não forçadas pela orografia estão associados ao “Regime Noturno de Turbulência 3” proposto por Sun et al. (2012), em que os efeitos locais não predominam na geração de turbulência, mas efeitos associados a fortes movimentos descendentes de ar bem localizados no tempo (fenômenos do tipo top-down). Como parte da caracterização da heterogeneidade horizontal do terreno, utilizouse imagem de satélite de alta resolução espacial (IKONOS, 1 -4 m) para investigar aspectos da variabilidade em escala da textura de regiões cobertas pela por floresta e desmatadas em área da Rebio-Jarú. Procurou-se determinar a existência de possíveis padrões de variabilidade na textura da cobertura vegetal por escala em regiões tanto cobertas por floresta, pastagem, floresta-pastagem, área cultivada e corpos de água. A detecção de escalas características da textura foi desenvolvida por meio de estudo direcional baseado na aplicação da Transformada Wavelet Contínua Bidimensional, com a utilização da função wavelet analisadora de Morlet. A Análise de Recorrência e de seus quantificadores foi um método de análise de séries temporais não lineares utilizados para discriminar regiões cobertas por florestas de outras com distintos usos da terra em área situada a oeste da Amazônia brasileira a partir de uma imagem de satélite de alta resolução. Isso foi efetuado como parte dos esforços para identificar e caracterizar padrões de heterogeneidade da floresta tropical e de áreas com outras coberturas na região amazônica. Os resultados sugerem a existência de possíveis eixos preferenciais de padrões de textura em áreas cobertas por floresta e de padrões específicos para áreas com diferentes coberturas do solo e com corpos de água. Além desses resultados e metodologias inovadoras, a conclusão deste estudo destaca a importância de caracterizar adequadamente a variabilidade horizontal do terreno e de investigar aspectos da relação entre esta variabilidade e a manifestação de fenômenos físicos específicos na camada limite atmosférica. Tal tipo de investigação certamente apontará caminhos inovadores na busca de parametrizações mais adequadas dos processos de troca floresta-atmosfera em terrenos complexos

    The Amazon Tall Tower Observatory (ATTO): Overview of pilot measurements on ecosystem ecology, meteorology, trace gases, and aerosols

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    The Amazon Basin plays key roles in the carbon and water cycles, climate change, atmospheric chemistry, and biodiversity. It has already been changed significantly by human activities, and more pervasive change is expected to occur in the coming decades. It is therefore essential to establish long-term measurement sites that provide a baseline record of present-day climatic, biogeochemical, and atmospheric conditions and that will be operated over coming decades to monitor change in the Amazon region, as human perturbations increase in the future. The Amazon Tall Tower Observatory (ATTO) has been set up in a pristine rain forest region in the central Amazon Basin, about 150 km northeast of the city of Manaus. Two 80 m towers have been operated at the site since 2012, and a 325 m tower is nearing completion in mid-2015. An ecological survey including a biodiversity assessment has been conducted in the forest region surrounding the site. Measurements of micrometeorological and atmospheric chemical variables were initiated in 2012, and their range has continued to broaden over the last few years. The meteorological and micrometeorological measurements include temperature and wind profiles, precipitation, water and energy fluxes, turbulence components, soil temperature profiles and soil heat fluxes, radiation fluxes, and visibility. A tree has been instrumented to measure stem profiles of temperature, light intensity, and water content in cryptogamic covers. The trace gas measurements comprise continuous monitoring of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, methane, and ozone at five to eight different heights, complemented by a variety of additional species measured during intensive campaigns (e.g., VOC, NO, NO2, and OH reactivity). Aerosol optical, microphysical, and chemical measurements are being made above the canopy as well as in the canopy space. They include aerosol light scattering and absorption, fluorescence, number and volume size distributions, chemical composition, cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentrations, and hygroscopicity. In this paper, we discuss the scientific context of the ATTO observatory and present an overview of results from ecological, meteorological, and chemical pilot studies at the ATTO site. © Author(s) 2015

    Relações de similaridades associadas ao campo de velocidade do vento acima e dentro do dossel da floresta amazônica sob a influência de instabilidade do ponto de inflexão

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    The aim of this study is to further investigate the transitional roughness sublayer above the Amazon terra firme rainforest. Turbulent vertical profiles of wind speed collected at a 60-meters-high tower in the Biological Reserve of Jarú (Rebio Jarú), Ji-Paraná-RO, are analyzed. The experimental site is characterized by the native tropical forest with an average height of 33 meters, with some species reaching up to 45 meters height. The Wavelet Transform analysis has provided a useful tool to project the wind field by scale, and so, to explain the filtering effect of the atmospheric flow by the forest canopy, under unstable and stable conditions, with strong, moderate and weak wind situations. So, it has been possible to investigate which scale are most affected by the filtering process of the turbulent kinetic energy by the forest canopy. It has been observed that the energy filtering was more effective in situations of weak winds in the largest time scales studied. Furthermore, we seek to improve existing formulations for the vertical profile of average wind speed above and within the canopy using, for example, the hyperbolic tangent function. More realistic fitted functions of the vertical profiles of the mean wind available have been obtained through the use of several improvements of the hyperbolic tangent function, so that it permits to explain situations characterized by the occurrence of relative maximum wind speed near the surface. These results have suggested that it is possible to obtain good fitted functions for much of the analyzed data.Procura-se aprofundar a investigação da subcamada rugosa de transição acima da Floresta Amazônica de terra firme. Foram analisados dados turbulentos de perfis verticais de velocidade do vento, coletados em torre de 60 metros de altura, na Reserva Biológica Jarú (Rebio Jarú) no Município de Ji-Paraná-RO. Esta era caracterizada por área de vegetação nativa de floresta tropical com altura média de 33 metros com algumas espécies atingindo até 45 metros de altura. Foi explorado o potencial de análise oferecido pela Transformada em Ondeletas, com o qual procuraram-se explicar as modificações introduzidas por escala no campo de vento pelo dossel florestal, sob condições instáveis e estáveis, com ventos fortes, intermediários e fracos. Com a aplicação da Transformada em Ondeletas aos dados foi possível investigar quais as escalas temporais são mais afetadas por processo de filtragem da energia cinética turbulenta pelo dossel da floresta. Observou-se que a filtragem de energia foi mais efetiva para situações de ventos fracos, nas maiores escalas temporais estudadas. Além disso, buscam-se aperfeiçoar formulações já existentes para o perfil vertical da velocidade média do vento acima e dentro do dossel como, por exemplo, a função Tangente Hiperbólica. Foi pesquisada com sucesso função matemática para obtenção de ajustes mais realistas dos perfis verticais do vento médio disponíveis, através da utilização de variante da função tangente hiperbólica, de tal forma a poder incorporar situações caracterizadas pela ocorrência de máximos relativos de velocidade do vento bem próximos da superfície. Tais resultados sugerem que foi possível obter uma boa função de ajuste para grande parte dos dados analisados

    An empirical-analytical model of the vertical wind speed profile above and within an Amazon forest site

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    The present study considers the mean wind velocity profiles measured from a 60 m high tower in the Rebio-Jarú forest (10 ° 04.7 ′ S, 61 ° 52.0 ′ W), located in the Brazilian northwestern state of Rondônia. The data were collected during the wet season as part of an intensive campaign of the large scale biosphere–atmosphere experiment in Amazonia. Nine cup anemometers were vertically placed to provide a good estimate of the inflection point height of the mean wind velocity profile. The resulting data were used to formulate a mean vertical wind speed profile, ū(z), based on key parameters such as the inflection point height and the leaf area index. The modified hyperbolic tangent function was used to provide a more flexible fit to the experimental data. An exponential term was also added to the ū(z) function, so that it can assume the appropriate ‘s’ shape near the ground. Thus, some parameters were incorporated into the analytical profile function to enable more flexibility. The presented results demonstrate that the profile is a good fit to the experimental data measured above and within the Amazon forest canopy. © 2015 Royal Meteorological Societ

    Coherent structures detected in the unstable atmospheric surface layer above the Amazon forest

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    Some characteristics of the turbulence structure above primary forest localized in the south-western Amazon are analyzed. The data was collected in 60. m height meteorological tower erected in Rebio-Jarú Reserve, Brazil. The Morlet's wavelet is used to detect coherent structures (CS) "ramp" time scales from turbulent virtual temperature data measured above forest, under day-time conditions. It is shown that there is a close relationship between time scale of the coherent structure (TCS) and the height to the inflection point in the mean wind speed profile (IP). A time scale associated with the IP is used to provide useful information on inside canopy penetration flow in order to be compared with the CS time-scale. The results show a very robust correlation between these two time scales (for 144 half-hourly data sets, a correlation coefficient value of 0.9 have been obtained). Such results provide new insights regarding shear instability and turbulent eddy characteristics above tall vegetation, in the surface roughness sub-layer (SRS). © 2013 Elsevier Ltd
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