Colorado Native Plant Society Newsletter, Vol. 7 No. 1, January-February 1983

https://epublications.regis.edu/aquilegia/1165/thumbnail.jp

Linguistics and the 'language' of design

Although the rich metaphor of design as language is widely recognised, the linguistic concepts considered have generally been limited. By drawing cautiously on the wider array of concepts developed in linguistics, it is possible to enliven the design process and enlighten its products. In this article, basic concepts from both fields are reviewed, and the suitability of the language metaphor is considered, particularly in relation to landscape architecture. Specific principles from linguistics are explored for how they might apply to landscape design. Concepts with potential for use in design include: agreement, redundancy, units of meaning, contextuality, universality, persistence, membership and values carried by language

Linguistics and the 'language' of design

Although the rich metaphor of design as language is widely recognised, the linguistic concepts considered have generally been limited. By drawing cautiously on the wider array of concepts developed in linguistics, it is possible to enliven the design process and enlighten its products. In this article, basic concepts from both fields are reviewed, and the suitability of the language metaphor is considered, particularly in relation to landscape architecture. Specific principles from linguistics are explored for how they might apply to landscape design. Concepts with potential for use in design include: agreement, redundancy, units of meaning, contextuality, universality, persistence, membership and values carried by language

Modulation of Lactobacillus plantarum Gastrointestinal Robustness by Fermentation Conditions Enables Identification of Bacterial Robustness Markers.

Contains fulltext : 108700.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access)BACKGROUND: Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are applied worldwide in the production of a variety of fermented food products. Additionally, specific Lactobacillus species are nowadays recognized for their health-promoting effects on the consumer. To optimally exert such beneficial effects, it is considered of great importance that these probiotic bacteria reach their target sites in the gut alive. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: In the accompanying manuscript by Bron et al. the probiotic model organism Lactobacillus plantarum WCFS1 was cultured under different fermentation conditions, which was complemented by the determination of the corresponding molecular responses by full-genome transcriptome analyses. Here, the gastrointestinal (GI) survival of the cultures produced was assessed in an in vitro assay. Variations in fermentation conditions led to dramatic differences in GI-tract survival (up to 7-log) and high robustness could be associated with low salt and low pH during the fermentations. Moreover, random forest correlation analyses allowed the identification of specific transcripts associated with robustness. Subsequently, the corresponding genes were targeted by genetic engineering, aiming to enhance robustness, which could be achieved for 3 of the genes that negatively correlated with robustness and where deletion derivatives displayed enhanced survival compared to the parental strain. Specifically, a role in GI-tract survival could be confirmed for the lp_1669-encoded AraC-family transcription regulator, involved in capsular polysaccharide remodeling, the penicillin-binding protein Pbp2A involved in peptidoglycan biosynthesis, and the Na(+)/H(+) antiporter NapA3. Moreover, additional physiological analysis established a role for Pbp2A and NapA3 in bile salt and salt tolerance, respectively. CONCLUSION: Transcriptome trait matching enabled the identification of biomarkers for bacterial (gut-)robustness, which is important for our molecular understanding of GI-tract survival and could facilitate the design of culture conditions aimed to enhance probiotic culture robustness