The NCAA\u27s Breaking Point for Equal Opportunity: A Title IX Perspective on Name, Image, and Likeness Sponsorship Legislation

This paper analyzes the efficacy of Title IX when considering national name, image, and likeness (NIL) legislation and NCAA Division I athletic department expenditure behavior. To answer this question, I analyzed Title IX’s legislative history, current compliance rules, recent litigation, and academic literature. Using publicly-available data reported to the US Department of Education, I performed regression analysis on institutional characteristics and expenditure behaviors to assess the impact that spending behavior has on gender equity. My results show that revenue-generating sports had a large impact on spending equity, and disparities in expenditures are more distinct than participation. Ultimately, the market-based exceptions that allow for inequitable gender expenditures have diluted the underlying intent of the rule: equality in sports. Given the narrow population NIL legislation likely would benefit, this study emphasizes the need to take into account the values safeguarded by Title IX when revising policies impacting amateurism, athlete benefits, and gender equity

Biology of the suprabenthic mysid Schistomysis assimilis (Sars, 1877) on Creixell beach, Tarragona (northwestern Mediterranean)

The suprabenthic mysid Schistomysis assimilis (Sars, 1877) was sampled monthly during 1991- 1992 in the surf zone of Creixell beach (Tarragona, Spain, northwestern Mediterranean) in order to describe its life history and estimate its secondary production. In the unstable coastal soft-bottom environment studied, this resident mysid is one of the suprabenthic community's dominant species. Demographic analysis suggests that it is a trivoltine species with a potential longevity of less than one year. According to the size frequency method, its annual production was estimated at 103.55 mg/5 m², with a P/B̅ ratio of 9,12.El misidáceo suprabentónico Schistomysis assimilis (Sars, 1877) ha sido muestreado mensualmente durante 1991 y 1992 en la zona de rompientes de la playa de Creixell (Tarragona, España) (Mediterráneo noroccidental) con el fin de describir su ciclo de vida y estimar su producción secundaria. Este misidáceo residente es uno de los principales componentes de la comunidad suprabentónica previamente reconocida en los fondos de esta playa. El análisis demográfico de la población sugiere que es una especie trivoltina con una longevidad potencial de menos de un año. Utilizando el método de Hynes, la producción anual estimada es de 103,55 mg/5 m² con una tasa P/B̅ de 9,12.Instituto Español de Oceanografí

Mittelfristige Inflationsprognose: Das Dilemma der Zwei-Säulen-Strategie der EZB

Ein Ziel der EZB ist es, die Preisstabilität in der Eurozone zu gewährleisten. Beim Streben nach Preisstabilität zielt die EZB darauf ab, Preissteigerungsraten von unter, aber nahe 2% sicherzustellen. Mit dieser quantitativen Definition will die EZB eine Verankerung der Inflationserwartungen in der Eurozone erreichen, die dazu beitragen soll, die Volatilität in der wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung zu verringern. Neben der Definition von Preisstabilität besteht die geldpolitische Strategie aus einer umfassenden Beurteilung der Risiken für die Preisstabilität, die sich aus der monetären und der wirtschaftlichen (nicht-monetären) Analyse (sog. Zwei-Säulen-Strategie) zusammensetzt. In diesem Beitrag werden die derzeitigen Risiken für die Preisstabilität in der Eurozone näher untersucht. In enger Anlehnung an die Strategie der EZB werden ein monetärer (Geldmenge M3) und ein nicht-monetärer (Nominallöhne) Indikator betrachtet und zur Inflationsprognose im Euroraum verwendet. Es zeigt sich, dass beide Indikatoren gute Prognoseeigenschaften für die mittelfristige Inflationsentwicklung aufweisen. Ihre jüngsten Entwicklungen führen allerdings zu völlig unterschiedlichen Einschätzungen der Gefahren für die Preisstabilität, was die EZB vor ein Dilemma stellt.Inflation, Prognose, Geldpolitik, Preisniveaustabilität, Zentralbank, Geldmenge, Lohn

Temporal changes in the structure of the suprabenthic community from Hendaya beach (southern Bay of Biscay): A comparison with a northwestern Mediterranean beach community

In 1991-1992, the suprabenthic communities from Hendaya and Creixell beaches (southeastern bay of Biscay and northwestern Mediterranean, respectively) were monthly sampled in order to analyse and compare their qualitative and quantitative structural evolution during an annual cycle. The suprabenthos of Hendaya and Creixell beaches shows a similarity rate of 33.3 % for genera and 11.8 % at the species level, mainly amphipods and mysids. The presence of vicariant especies, especially of the genera Schistomysis, Cumposis and Eurydice indicates a certain degree of biogeographical isolation between the suprabenthos of dissipative type beaches from southeastern Bay of Biscay to northwestern Mediterranean.Las comunidades suprabentónicas de las playas de Hendaya y Creixell (sudeste del golfo de Vizcaya y noroeste del Mediterráneo, respectivamente) han sido mensualmente muestreadas con el objetivo de analizar y comparar su evolución estructural (cualitativa y cuantitativa) durante el ciclo anual 1991-1992. En el suprabentos de las playas de Hendaya y Creixell se han detectado un 33,3 % de géneros y un 11,8 % de especies comunes, principalmente, anfípodos y misidáceos. La presencia de especies vicariantes de los géneros Schistomysis, Cumposis y Eurydice, cuyas respectivas poblaciones son abundantes en ambas playas, revela cierto grado de aislamiento biogeográfico que puede ser, hasta cierto punto, extrapolable al suprabentos de las playas de tipo disipativo localizadas entre la zona sur del golfo de Vizcaya y el noroeste del Mediterráneo.Instituto Español de Oceanografí

Comparative study of oxide inclusion dissolution in CaO-SiO2-Al2O3 slag

The dissolution of alumina, spinel and zirconia inclusions in a liquid CaO–SiO2–Al2O3 slag has been investigated using laser scanning confocal microscopy. Over the experimental temperature range 1477–1577uC it is found that alumina inclusions have a slower dissolution rate than that of spinel, and that zirconia inclusions form gas bubbles at the inclusion surface during dissolution. The results have been analysed assuming mass transfer control in the slag phase, and the slower rate of dissolution of the alumina inclusions is explained by the observation that they have a greater mass of aluminium oxide, the rate controlling species, than that of spinel

On the structure of the neritic suprabenthic communities from the Portuguese continental margin

This work presents the investigations made on the neritic suprabenthic communities of the Portuguese margin (continental shelf and upper slope) exposed to seasonal upwelling. These communities were sampled during the AVEIRO-94 cruise at 5 sites located along an E-W bathymetric transect from 21 to 299 m depth using a suprabenthic sled with superposed nets. In the 0 to 100 cm water layer, the total densities ranged from 700.2 to 13591.7 ind. 100m(-2). During daytime, the motile fauna was mainly concentrated within the 0 to 50 cm water layer (76.2 to 97.2% of the total abundance). The night-time sample at the shallower site showed a more even distribution of the fauna in the near-bottom water layers (nocturnal migratory behaviour of some motile species). The Shannon diversity (H') values ranged from 1.84 to 3.54 for the shelf sites and increased at the upper slope site (4.15). Mysids and amphipods were generally dominant except for at the middle part of the shelf where the latter was replaced by euphausiids. The suprabenthic fauna off Aveiro was compared with similar data from the same bathymetric sampling levels off Arcachon (Bay of Biscay). Multivariate analysis showed that differences in faunal composition between the 2 geographic areas were smaller than depth-related variations within geographic areas. The results were discussed in relation to other suprabenthic communities from the northeastern Atlantic.Programa de Cooperação Oceanológica Luso-FrancesaJNICT/Embaixada de FrançaFrench CIRMAT-CNR

Spatial and seasonal changes of brackish peracaridan assemblages and their relation to some environmental variables in two tidal channels of the Ria de Aveiro (NW Portugal)

The shallow-water fauna of 2 main channels in the Ria de Aveiro (Canal de Ovar and Canal de Mira) was sampled between June 1995 and June 1996 using a suprabenthic sled. Samples were collected monthly at 5 stations and every third month at 11 other stations, covering both channels from the lower to the upper reaches. The channels differ in their hydrodynamics, in the distribution of the sediment environments and in the salinity gradient, thus providing an invaluable example for field studies. The results presented herein concern peracaridan crustaceans. Multivariate analysis (MDS, ANOSIM and UPGMA) of the faunal data showed significant differences between the 2 channels. Spatial and seasonal variations within the channels were also significant. The distinctive structural features were the higher number of species and overall dominance of mysids in the Canal de Mira as opposed to the dominance of amphipods and higher densities in the Canal de Ovar. In both channels there was a spatial pattern of high densities in areas with a rich sediment environment (fine sediments, high organic content, more diversified and stable food sources). Specific life cycle features, unfavourable temperature and salinity conditions, and probably also increased predation pressure induced a general impoverishment of the peracaridan assemblage during winter. Amphipods (mainly epibenthic and tube dwellers) and mysids (characteristic suprabenthic) showed defined spatial and seasonal patterns. Amphipods dominated the areas with more stable food sources, while the highly motile mysids succeeded in colonising and dominated in more dynamic and unpredictable environments. Density fluctuations of amphipods and mysids occurred seasonally in non-coincident cycles. On the whole, mysids were dominant during winter and spring and amphipods during summer and autumn.Centro das Zonas Costeiras e do Mar - CZCMPRODEP - C.3/94. No. 1

A new species of Liropus (Crustacea, Amphipoda, Caprellidae) from Le Danois bank (southern Bay of Biscay)

AbstractA new species of the genus Liropus (Crustacea, Amphipoda, Caprellidae) is described based on specimens collected from Le Danois bank (‘El Cachucho’ fishing grounds), Bay of Biscay. Liropus cachuchoensis n. sp. can be distinguished from all its congeners mainly by the absence of eyes and by the presence of a dorsal projection proximally on pereonites 3, 4 and 5 in males, on 3 and 5 in females. The new species has been found living on muddy bottoms on the southern flank of the bank and adjacent continental slope, between 619 and 1062m depth, with a maximum abundance (56.1ind./100m2) recorded at 1044–1062m. Morphological comparisons among the world's members of Liropus, a key to species, and data on their distribution are presented

Rôle du bentos dans le régime alimentaire des poissons démersaux du secteur Sud Gascogne

The diet of 34 demersal fishes from the continental shelf and top of the Atlantic slope is studied by analysis of digestive contents. All fishes from this area are stenophagous predators (7 ichthyophagous fishes, 1 concholophagous fish} or euryphagous predators (26 demersal fishes). The small motile benthic crustaceans (Mysidacea, Amphipoda, young Decapoda Natantia and Brachyurans) are the most important food for euryphagous fishes during the first years of their life near the sea floor. This special fauna, now called "suprabenthos", is not well sampled by traditional benthic gears. A new suprabenthic sledge is proposed for quantitative samplings of the motile freeswimming crustaceans