Prevalencia de lesiones intraepiteliales en atipias de significado indeterminado en un servicio público de referencia para neoplasias cervicales

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of low and high grade intraepithelial lesions in women with Pap smear diagnosis of atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance, in the city of Maceió, Alagoas. Knowing the influence of age and the etiological agents for sexually transmitted diseases on the risk of developing low and high grade intraepithelial lesions. METHODS: Cross sectional prevalence study at a public referral center for cervical cancer. We studied records of 253 women with atypical diagnoses of undetermined significance, in 2007. RESULTS: The prevalence of intraepithelial lesions was 23.7%; 26.7% were low grade and 73.3% high grade. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of high-grade intraepithelial lesions in women with Pap smear diagnosis of atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) was 23.7%; the increase in risk was directly proportional to the age and higher prevalence of low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion associated with papillomavirus infection.OBJETIVOS: Determinar la prevalencia de lesiones intraepiteliales de bajo y alto grado, en mujeres con diagnóstico colpocitológico de atipias de significado indeterminado en el Municipio de Maceió, Alagoas. Conocer la influencia de la edad y de los agentes etiológicos para enfermedades sexualmente transmisibles sobre el riesgo de desarrollo de las lesiones intraepiteliales de bajo y alto grado. MÉTODOS: Se trata de un estudio transversal de prevalencia realizado en un servicio público de referencia para neoplasias cervicales. Fueron estudiadas 253 historias clínicas de mujeres con diagnóstico de atipias de significado indeterminado, en el año 2007. RESULTADOS: La prevalencia de lesiones intraepiteliales fue del 23,7%, siendo 26,7% de bajo grado y 73,3% de alto grado. CONCLUSIONES: La prevalencia de lesiones intraepiteliales de alto grado en mujeres con diagnóstico colpocitológico de atipias de significado indeterminado (ASCUS) fue del 23,7%, el aumento del riesgo fue directamente proporcional al de la edad y hubo mayor prevalencia de lesión intraepitelial de bajo grado, asociada a la infección por el Papilomavirus humano.OBJETIVOS: Determinar a prevalência de lesões intraepiteliais de baixo e alto grau, em mulheres com diagnóstico colpocitológico de atipias de significado indeterminado no Município de Maceió, Alagoas. Conhecer a influência da idade e dos agentes etiológicos para doenças sexualmente transmissíveis sobre o risco de desenvolvimento das lesões intraepiteliais de baixo e alto grau. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal de prevalência em um serviço público de referência para neoplasias cervicais. Foram estudados 253 prontuários de mulheres com diagnóstico de atipias de significado indeterminado, no ano de 2007. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de lesões intraepiteliais foi a de 23,7%, sendo 26,7% de baixo grau e 73,3% de alto grau. CONCLUSÕES: A prevalência de lesões intraepiteliais de alto grau em mulheres com diagnóstico colpocitológico de atipias de significado indeterminado (ASCUS) foi de 23,7%, o aumento do risco foi diretamente proporcional ao da idade e houve maior prevalência de lesão intraepitelial de baixo grau,associada à infecção pelo Papilomavirus humano.Faculdade Integrada TiradentesUniversidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP)UNIFESPSciEL

Some observations on gold in the weathering profile at Garimpo Porquinho, an artisanal mine in the Tapajós Region, Brazilian Amazon

At Garimpo Porquinho (Tapajós Province, Brazilian Amazon) gold-bearing quartz veins containing sulfides occur in a narrow zone affected by hydrothermal alteration. The artisanally mined veins are exposed in a saprolite zone extending down at least 9 m to the fresh rock and are covered by a 1 m thick residual soil. Lateral gold dispersion in the saprolite is not noticeable whereas in the soil gold dispersion has been observed as far as 2 m from the vein. Trace metals associated with gold include Ag, Bi, As and Sb. Copper and lead, present in sulfides, can also indicate the presence of gold. The study of gold particles in different levels of the profile shows that gold has been affected by weathering. In the upper levels of the profile, particles are smaller, more rounded and pitted by dissolution. Grains of primary gold containing up to 20% Ag are commonly exhibit silver-poor rims which may penetrate deep into the grain. The interface between the Ag-poor rims and the interior is very sharp. Such gold-rich rims likely formed by self-electrorefining of electrum grains during weathering.No Garimpo Porquinho (Província Tapajós, Amazônia brasileira) veios de quartzo e sulfetos portadores de ouro ocorrem em uma zona estreita afetada por alteração hidrotermal. Sobre a mineralização primária ocorre uma cobertura de saprolito de cerca de 9 m de espessura, capeada por solo de 1 m de espessura. No saprolito não há dispersão lateral do ouro. No solo, no entanto, ocorre dispersão lateral do ouro até pelo menos 2 m a partir do veio. Os principais elementos farejadores são Ag, Bi, As e Sb. Cobre e chumbo, presentes nos sulfetos, podem também indicar a presença de ouro. O estudo das partículas de ouro em diferentes níveis do perfil de alteração mostrou que o ouro foi afetado pelo intemperismo. Nos níveis superiores do perfil as partículas são menores, possuem formas arredondadas e suas superfícies apresentam minúsculos orifícios característicos de dissolução. Observa-se que grãos de ouro primário (20% Ag) exibem comumente bordas empobrecidas em prata que podem penetrar fundo no grão. A interface entre as bordas empobrecidas em prata e o interior é brusca. A formação desses grãos pode ser atribuída ao processo de auto-refinamento eletrolítico dos grãos de electrum durante o intemperismo

Nursing graduation: learning how to learn the Brazilian psychiatric reform

Este trabalho tem como objetivo identificar as mudanças incorporadas no ensino de graduação em enfermagem psiquiátrica. O estudo identifica a preocupação com a atualização do ensino na área, em que a transformação do docente, a participação e a construção de uma nova concepção sobre o saber e as práticas psiquiátricas, possibilitam novas formas de aprender a aprender a reforma psiquiátrica brasileira.This paper aims at identifying the changes that became part of the theaching of psychiatric nursing. The study points out the concern regardin teaching updating in this area in which the teacher's transformation, participation and the creation of a new concept about psychiatric knowledge and practice make it possible to have new ways to learn how to learn the brazilian psychiatric reform

Nursing graduation: learning how to learn the Brazilian psychiatric reform

Este trabalho tem como objetivo identificar as mudanças incorporadas no ensino de graduação em enfermagem psiquiátrica. O estudo identifica a preocupação com a atualização do ensino na área, em que a transformação do docente, a participação e a construção de uma nova concepção sobre o saber e as práticas psiquiátricas, possibilitam novas formas de aprender a aprender a reforma psiquiátrica brasileira.This paper aims at identifying the changes that became part of the theaching of psychiatric nursing. The study points out the concern regardin teaching updating in this area in which the teacher's transformation, participation and the creation of a new concept about psychiatric knowledge and practice make it possible to have new ways to learn how to learn the brazilian psychiatric reform

Interaction of intestinal microorganisms with the human host in the framework of autoimmune diseases

Autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), are caused by a complex interaction of environmental-, genetic-, and sex-related factors. Although SLE has traditionally been considered independent from the microbiota, recent work published during the last 5 years suggests a strong connection between SLE and the composition of our gut commensals as one of the main environmental factors linked to this disease. Preliminary data have evidenced that (i) interaction of certain microbial-derived molecules with specific cell receptors and (ii) the influence of certain commensal microorganisms over specific immune cell subsets plays an important role in the pathogenesis of SLE and SLE-like diseases. In addition, epigenetic changes driven by certain microbial groups have been recently proposed as an additional link between gut microbiota and SLE. As immune responses elicited against commensal bacteria are deeply dependent on the composition of the latter, and as microbial populations can be modified by dietary interventions, identifying the precise gut microorganisms responsible for worsening the SLE symptoms is of crucial importance for this and other SLE-related diseases, including antiphospholipid syndrome or lupus nephritis. In this minireview, the current knowledge on the relationships between microbes and SLE and SLE-related diseases is compiled and discussed.This research was funded by Grants AGL2013-44039-R and AGL2010-14952 from the Spanish “Plan Estatal de I + D + I”. BS and AH were recipients of a Ramón y Cajal postdoctoral contract and a FPI grant, respectively, from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness.Peer Reviewe

5-Aminolevulinic acid and the hepatic oxidative stress in the early phase of experimental hexachlorobenzene intoxication

This work evaluated the levels of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) in the liver of rats exposed to different doses of HCB (25,50, and 100 mg/kg b.w. for 4 weeks) and correlated them with lipid peroxidation parameters. Levels of ALA were determined by high-pressure liquid chromatography after derivatization with acetylacetone and formaldehyde, followed by fluorescence detection. The methodology was carefully validated, nonetheless hepatic levels of ALA in all animals treated or not were below the detection limit of the method (2.27mg of ALA/g liver). On the other hand, lipid peroxidation, evaluated as thiobarbituric acid reactants production and chemiluminescence was found significantly increased in the livers of all treated rats, in comparison with control values (pEste trabalho avaliou os níveis de ácido delta-aminolevulínico (ALA) em fígado de ratos expostos a diferentes doses de hexaclorobenzeno (HCB) (25, 50 e 100 mg/kg de peso corpóreo) durante 4 semanas e correlacionou com os parâmetros de peroxidação lipídica. Os níveis de ALA foram determinados por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência após derivatização com acetilacetona e formaldeído, seguida de detecção de fluorescência. A metodologia foi cuidadosamente validada, apesar disso, os níveis hepáticos de ALA em todos os animais tratados ou não foram abaixo do limite de detecção do método (2,27 mg de ALA/ g de fígado). Por outro lado, para a peroxidação lipídica, avaliada como produção de reagentes ao ácido tiobarbitúrico e quimiluminescência, os resultados foram significativamente elevados em todos os animais tratados em comparação com os do grupo controle (

Reinternamiento en hospital psiquiátrico: la comprensión del proceso salud/enfermedad en la vivencia del cotidiano

Este trabalho é recorte de uma investigação que buscou identificar o cotidiano de pessoas com transtornos mentais, que sofrem reinternações psiquiátricas. Nesse percurso foi possível evidenciar que esses sujeitos expressam diversas concepções do processo saúde/doença mental e que caracterizam as formas de tratamento que se utilizam. Utilizou-se como metodologia a abordagem qualitativa fundamentada no conceito de cotidiano da autora Agnes Heller. As entrevistas de pacientes e familiares foram submetidas à análise de discurso que, entre outros resultados, revelou que essa população passou a ter novas ferramentas e possibilidades para compreender a loucura e a assistência ao doente mental.Este trabajo es recorte de una investigación que buscó identificar el cotidiano de personas con trastornos mentales, que sufren reinternamientos psiquiátricos. En este recorrido fue posible evidenciar que esos sujetos expresan diversas concepciones del proceso salud/enfermedad mental y que caracterizan las formas de tratamiento utilizados. En la metodología se utilizó el abordaje cualitativo fundamentado en el concepto de cotidiano de la autora Agnes Heller. Las entrevistas de pacientes y familiares fueron sometidas al análisis de discurso que, entre otros resultados, reveló que esa población pasó a tener nuevas herramientas y posibilidades para comprender la locura y la asistencia al enfermo mental.This study is part of a research that aimed at identifying the daily life of people with mental disruptions who are re-admitted to psychiatric hospitals. It was possible to pinpoint that these individuals express several conceptions of the health/mental illness process and that they also distinguish the kinds of treatment they go through. As far as methodology is concerned the study used the qualitative approach based on Agnes Heller's concept of daily life. The interviews with patients and their relatives were submitted to speech analysis, which showed, among other results, that relatives have developed new tools and possibilities in order to understand the patients' mental state and provide them with the necessary assistance

Vertical transmission of HIV in the population treated at a reference center

OBJECTIVE: To identify the rate of vertical transmission of HIV and assess the factors involved in maternal and fetal share. METHODS: Cross-sectional study conducted in the Specialized Care Service. We investigated 102 clinical records of HIV positive women who had given birth to live newborns. The primary variable was the occurrence of vertical transmission of HIV and the secondary variables were the factors associated with vertical transmission of HIV. RESULTS: Prevalence of 6.6% of vertical transmission. Among the infected children: 40.0% of mothers with out prenatal care and 75% without prophylaxis with antiretroviral drugs during the prenatal, 50.0% without AZT prophylaxis with oral and breast-fed. Among the uninfected children: 91.5% were started on prophylaxis with oral AZT at birth and 84.1% of mothers received ARV delivery. CONCLUSION: The occurrence of vertical transmission of HIV in the reference service corresponded to 6.6%, indicating a high prevalence.OBJETIVO: Identificar a taxa de transmissão vertical do HIV e avaliar os fatores envolvidos em partes materna e fetal. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal realizado no Serviço de Atendimento Especializado. Foram investigados 102 prontuários de mulheres com HIV que deram à luz a recém-nascidos vivos. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de 6,6% de transmissão vertical. Entre as crianças infectadas: 40,0% de mães sem pré-natal e 75% sem a profilaxia com anti-retrovirais durante o pré-natal, 50,0% sem profilaxia com AZT com oral e amamentado. Entre as crianças não infectadas: 91,5% iniciaram a profilaxia com AZT oral ao nascimento e 84,1% das mães receberam ARV. CONCLUSÃO: A ocorrência de transmissão vertical do HIV no serviço de referência correspondeu a 6,6%, o que indica uma alta prevalência.Universidade Federal de AlagoasUniversidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Hospital UniversitárioUniversidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Escola Paulista de EnfermagemUNIFESP, Hospital UniversitárioUNIFESP, EPESciEL

Routes for Specialization in Psychology throughout Europe

The specialization of psychology helps to delineate fields in the practice of psychology. When establishing professional qualification criteria, associations seek to promote, in their members, scientific skills and knowledge considered fundamental for the practice of psychology in a given area. The present study reports on a survey of the member associations of the European Federation of Psychologists Associations (EFPA). The survey inquired about: (a) the initial requisites for entering the profession and (b) additional requisites for specialization. Of the 37 associations contacted, 14 replied and we retrieved the information of 12 associations from their official websites. The results indicate that specialization is widespread throughout Europe and is independent of the regulation of the profession. In almost half of the countries considered, the specialization process is completed in universities—it is frequently associated with the postgraduate level of the EuroPsy—and relies on conventional learning methods. The number of existing specialties in psychology is very high, but the traditional areas (clinical and health, education, and social/organizational) are more prevalent. The results are discussed in light of the advantages, but also the challenges posed by the specialization in psychology. A continuous model of the specialization of psychology is proposed with two stages: broad and advanced psychology area

Avaliação da toxidade oral aguda e subcrônica de extrato etanólico de Pothomorphe umbellata L. Miq. (Parapiroba)

Existe uma grande preocupação quanto ao uso seguro de extratos vegetais e, por esta razão, a necessidade de estudos toxicológicos pré-clínicos e clínicos destes extratos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi o de avaliar a toxicidade aguda e subcrônica do extrato hidroalcoólico liofilizado de Pothomorphe umbellata L. Miq., administrado por via oral para animais de laboratório. O potencial mutagênico do extrato foi também avaliado pelo teste do micronúcleo. Os resultados dos estudos a curto e médio prazo demonstraram que o extrato não apresenta propriedades tóxicas.There is a high degree of concern regarding the secure use of plant extracts and, for this very reason, preclinical and clinic toxicological evaluation of these extracts are needed. With the aim to assure the quality and the safety of the extract and due to the scarcity of literature information about Pariparoba extract toxicity, our purpose was to investigate the acute and subchronic toxicity of the standardized ethanolic dried root extract of Pothomorphe umbellata L. Miq. This extract was administered orally to adult swiss mice and wistar rats and the mutagenic potencial of the extract was also evaluated. The extract showed to be non toxic