The function of ITGBL1 in the process of cartilage formation and its potential as a therapeutic agent for cartilage disease.

Department of Biological SciencesIn general, facial bones are not formed as bones from the beginning. Bone formation occurs through endochondral bone formation process after cartilage is formed. Frog face is simpler than human or mouse, so it is easy to find which gene is involved in facial formation. For this reason, experiments were conducted on Xenopus laevis and other experimental animals. The cell is not a major component of cartilage, but the extracellular matrix secreted from the chondrocyte is the main component that gives the elasticity and stiffness of cartilage tissue [1]. In order to complete cartilage tissue, cartilage cells continuously interact with the extracellular matrix surrounding the cells, and the process of secreting cartilage matrix must be accompanied for a long time. This process of forming cartilage tissue is called chondrogenesis. Recent studies have shown that chondrocytes interact with extracellular matrix through various types of integrin molecules, the integrin signal is differentially regulated according to the differentiation of chondrocytes and the state of the cartilage, which helps the cartilage cells to recognize the surrounding environment [2]. It is also known that the integrin signal can induce cartilage-related diseases as well as cartilage differentiation. Integrin signaling is one for the major sources of damage to articular cartilage by amplifying the inflammatory response in both rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Fragmented cartilage ECMs combine with synovial fibroblasts and integrins of immune cells in cartilage tissues to exacerbate the inflammatory response by increasing catabolic factor secretion such as IL-6, 8, and MMP [3-6]. To investigate the process of cartilage formation, we analyzed the genes that differentiation into facial cartilage by expressing in cartilage cells of Xenopus laevis. In this research, we have discovered that a novel secreted protein ITGBL1 promotes cartilage formation by modulating integrin-ECM interactions during chondrogenesis in a model animal and human bone marrow stem cell. Further ITGBL1 inhibited catabolic signals induced by IL-1?? treatment in primary chondrocytes. We believe ITGBL1 possesses dual functions which promote cartilage formation and inhibit catabolic signals in chondrocytes simultaneously. In this study first identified the function of ITGBL1 protein, which regulates integrin signaling in cartilage formation and chondrocyte differentiation and found that ITGBL1 protein also inhibits cartilage damage and promotes cartilage regeneration in arthritic conditions.ope

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Under neoliberal education systems, medical students are unable to critically engage and develop a critical consciousness because they are forced to master standardized test-taking skills and memorize medical minutiae. As insider-outsiders, medical humanists and bioethicists can shed light on the culture and power dynamics inherent in medical education. Furthermore, the medical humanities could teach medical students to critically reflect on their own human values, and to become ethical and humanistic physicians in the face of the hierarchical culture of biomedicine and neoliberal university administrations. Medical educators, through critical pedagogy, can liberate the medical student and create the potential for changing the culture of medicine as a whole

Holographic Micro Thermofield Geometries of BTZ Black Holes

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