Gabapentin Enacarbil in Restless Legs Syndrome

Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a sleep-related movement disorder with a high prevalence in the general population. Patients affected by a severe form of the disorder may develop comorbidities, such as psychological distress, cognitive dysfunction and cardiovascular diseases; these patients require pharmacotherapy. Dopamine agonists represent the first line treatment for RLS patients but, if adverse events such as compulsive behaviors and augmentation occur, the pharmacological approach should be modified. Gabapentin is a GABA analogue used in the treatment of seizures and pain syndromes. This drug has an unfavorable pharmacokinetic profile; the prodrug gabapentin enacarbil was developed to overcome this limitation. Unlike oral gabapentin, gabapentin enacarbil shows no evidence of saturation and exposure to gabapentin is dose proportional. The extended release formulation of gabapentin enacarbil has the characteristics of an optimal drug therapy. Doses from 1200 to 1800 mg/day of gabapentin enacarbil appear effective in treating RLS after only a few days of treatment. The most frequently reported adverse events associated with gabapentin enacarbil are dizziness and somnolence, which are transient and of mild intensity. Further studies are required to confirm the long term efficacy and safety of gabapentin enacarbil on the symptoms of RLS

Restless legs syndrome in dialysis patients: a comparison between hemodialysis and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis

Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is common in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients undergoing hemodialysis (HD). A few studies so far have investigated RLS prevalence in ESRD patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). The aim of this study was to compare the prevalence, characteristics, consequences and predictors of RLS between HD and CAPD patients. We recruited 58 HD and 28 CAPD patients. A neurologist expert in sleep medicine performed RLS diagnosis during a face-to-face interview. The prevalence of RLS was slightly higher in HD than in CAPD patients (19 vs. 10.7%). RLS appeared after the onset of kidney complaint in HD patients; in contrast, in CAPD patients RLS preceded the occurrence of renal disease. Five HD patients reported that RLS symptoms occurred throughout the dialysis session. HD patients with RLS(+) had a higher mean number of HD sessions per week and a longer mean duration of HD session than the RLS(-) ones. Prevalence of females was significantly higher in CAPD patients with RLS(+) than in the RLS(-) ones. RLS frequently affects both HD and CAPD patients. RLS impaired sleep in both groups, but use of dopaminergic agents was uncommon in our sample. Dialysis schedule was associated with RLS in HD patients, while female sex was related to RLS in CAPD patients. Awareness concerning RLS identification and treatment in HD and CAPD patients is recommended

Multiple paternity in a wild population of the corn mouse: its potential adaptive significance for females

Mating with multiple males within a single reproductive event is a common female mating strategy in mice and voles, but its adaptive function is often unclear. In this study, we used 7 microsatellite loci to investigate if multiple paternity occurs in wild populations of the socially promiscuous Calomys musculinus. We also analyzed if multiple paternity increases litter size and/or genetic variability among offspring. In addition, we examined if multiple paternity occurs more frequently in litters conceived at high population density than those conceived at low population density. By genotyping 23 females and their 135 embryos (5.9 ± 1.6 SE pups per female), we found that 56.5% of the litters were sired by 2 or 3 males. We found no association between multiple paternity, litter size, and genetic variability. In addition, multiple paternity did not vary in relation to population density. Our results provide clear evidence of multiple paternity and offer the first genetic documentation of mating systems in mice in Argentina. We discuss the extent of multiple paternity in relation to potential adaptive strategies in female corn mouse.Fil: Sommaro, Lucía Valeria. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Departamento de Fisiología. Cátedra de Genética de Poblaciones y Evolución; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba; ArgentinaFil: Chiappero, Marina Beatriz. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Cs.exactas Físicas y Naturales. Cátedra de Genética de Poblaciones y Evolución; ArgentinaFil: Vera, Noelia Soledad. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Cs.exactas Físicas y Naturales. Cátedra de Genética de Poblaciones y Evolución; ArgentinaFil: Coda, José Antonio. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicoquímicas y Naturales. Departamento de Ciencias Naturales; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba; ArgentinaFil: Priotto, Jose Waldemar. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicoquímicas y Naturales. Departamento de Ciencias Naturales; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba; ArgentinaFil: Steinmann, Andrea Rosa. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicoquímicas y Naturales. Departamento de Ciencias Naturales; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba; Argentin