Effect of gamma-irradiation on aqueous solutions of Apollofix dyes

Radiation processing has been considered as a promising process for the treatment of textile industry waste effluents. In this study, the possibility of using gamma-rays to degrade and decolorize Apollofix dyes in water has been investigated. Two different Apollofix dyes, Apollofix Red (AR) and Apollofix Yellow (AY) in aqueous solutions were irradiated in air with doses from 1.0 kGy to 8.0 kGy at a 0.14 kGy/h of dose rate. The change in absorption spectra, pH, chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD) and the degree of decoloration (percent reduction in optical density) were examined in the presence and absence of H2O2. The absorption bands at 534 nm and 420 nm for AR and AY were observed to decrease rapidly with increasing irradiation dose. The degree of decoloration of each dye solution with irradiation dose was estimated as 100 percent for the lower concentration (50 ppm) dye solutions. The complete decoloration was observed after 2.0 kGy and 1.0 kGy doses for AR and AY dyes. The COD and BOD reduction and the change of pH for all dye solutions on irradiation showed similar behavior

Caffeine Degradation in Water by Gamma Irradiation, Zonation and Zonation/Gamma Irradiation

Aqueous solutions of caffeine were treated with ozone and gamma irradiation. The amounts of remaining caffeine were determined after solid phase extraction as a function of absorbed dose and ozonation time. In addition to this, some important parameters such as inorganic ions, chemical oxygen demand (COD) dissolved oxygen and total acidity changes were followed. Caffeine (50 ppm) is found to be completely decomposed at 3.0 kGy and 1.2 kGy doses in the absence of H2O2 and in 1.20 mM H2O2 solutions, respectively. In the case of gamma irradiation after ozonation, 50 ppm caffeine was removed at 0.2 kGy when the solution was ozonized for 100 s at a rate of 10 g O-3 h(-1) in 400 mL 50 ppm paracetamol solution

A Product-Based Strategic Technology Management Methodology for Developing Countries

As the degree of globalization increases, developing country's race with countries practicing knowledge society norms requires creative techniques. Countries with limited technological capabilities tend to confront with middle-income trap that makes them create strategies profiting from technological innovation. The well-known method is to perform a technology foresight study and establish the technologies that the country must develop to improve its wellbeing. This paper proposes a differed approach in which a high technology product is serving as the prime motivation behind the nations planning of technology progress. The outcome of the methodology is the selection, prioritization and planning of necessary technologies of the product using all technological capabilities of the nation. Results of the exercise are instrumental in establishing the technology base of the country and enhance its promise of improving technological capability to a higher level. The paper explains the developed methodology and discusses its outputs