CAFF Technical Report No. 21 - ARCTIC BIRDS INTERNATIONAL BREEDING CONDITIONS SURVEY BULLETIN No. 11

CAFF Technical Report No. 21 - ARCTIC BIRDS INTERNATIONAL BREEDING CONDITIONS SURVEY BULLETIN No. 1

現行民法典を創った人びと（3）起草委員 : 穂積陳重・富井政章・梅謙次郎

Aim Over the last two decades, thousands of northward migrating ruffs (Philomachus pugnax) have disappeared from western European staging sites. These migratory ruffs were partly temperate breeding birds, but most individuals head towards the Eurasian Arctic tundras where 95% of the global population breeds. This regional decline may represent either: (1) local loss of breeding birds in western Europe, (2) a global decline, (3) shift(s) in distribution or (4) a combination of these.Location Northern Eurasia.Methods To put the declines in western Europe in context, we analysed Arctic monitoring data from the last two decades (Soloviev & Tomkovich, 2009) to detect changes in regional breeding densities across northern Eurasia. We used a novel approach applying generalized additive modelling (GAM) and generalized estimations equations (GEE).Results We show that the global breeding population of ruffs has made a significant eastwards shift into the Asian part of the breeding range. In the European Arctic, ruffs decreased during the last 18 years. At the same time, in western Siberia, ruffs increased. In eastern Siberia, no significant population changes could be detected. These changes corroborate the finding that during northward migration, growing numbers of ruffs avoided staging areas in the Netherlands and Sweden and started migrating along a more easterly route leading into western Siberia.Main conclusions We detected an unprecedented large-scale population redistribution of ruffs and suggest that this is a response to loss of habitat quality at the traditional staging site in the Netherlands

ОТДАЛЕННЫЕ РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ ЛЕЧЕНИЯ БОЛЬНЫХ САРКОМАМИ КОСТЕЙ С УЧЕТОМ СОДЕРЖАНИЯ МЕТАЛЛОПРОТЕИНАЗ В СЫВОРОТКЕ КРОВИ

Background: Bone sarcomas are extremely malignant prone to rapid hematogenic metastasing. Evaluation of biological marker expression by the tumor is important not only for the search of new potential chemotherapy targets, but for the assessment of the disease prognosis.Aim: A comparative evaluation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-2, -7, -9 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) in the serum of patients with primary bone tumors and in healthy people to identify their potential association with the histological characteristics of the tumor and the disease prognosis.Materials and methods: A comparative study of serum MMP-2, -7, -9, and TIMP-1 levels was performed in 54 patients with primary bone tumors (malignant, 45 patients, including central osteosarcoma in 21, periosteal osteosarcoma in 4, Ewing's sarcoma in 11, primary chondrosarcoma in 6, undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma in 3, and borderline giant cell tumors in 9) and in 26 healthy individuals with the use of the immunoenzyme technique (Biosource, USA, for TIMP-1 and RD, USA, for MMP-2, -7, and -9). Results: The TIMP-1 levels in the serum of patients with central and periosteal osteosarcomas were significantly higher than in the serum of healthy controls (р = 0.038 and p = 0.007, respectively). The MMP-9 levels in patients with bone malignancies were significantly lower than that in the normal controls (p 0.05). There was a positive correlation between serum TIMP-1 and MMP-9 levels in patients with central, periosteal and Ewing's sarcomas (r = 0.37, p = 0.024). No significant differences in the 5-year survival rates related to serum TIMP-1, MMP-2, -7, -9 levels were found in patients with bone sarcomas. However, in those with osteosarcoma and serum MMP-2 160 ng/ml, the overall 5-year survival rate was 1.6-fold higher than in those with lower MMP-2 levels, and in those with ММP-9 levels 377 ng/ml, the 5-year survival rate was 1.4-fold higher than in patients with ММP- 9 377 ng/ml. The worst 5-year survival (33%) was found in the patients with serum ММP-2 levels of less than 160 ng/ml and ММP-9 of more than 377 ng/ml. Conclusion: The results obtain suggest that the expression of MMP-2, MMP-9 and TIMP-1 could be associated with pathophysiological changes related to growth and metastatic process of bone sarcomas and osteosarcoma, in particular. This area could be an object for further studies on levels of these biomarkers and their prognostic value in bone malignancies.Актуальность. Саркомы костей – чрезвычайно злокачественные опухоли, склонные к быстрому гематогенному метастазированию. Изучение экспрессии опухолями биологически активных веществ актуально не только для поиска новых потенциальных мишеней химиотерапии, но и в оценке прогноза заболевания.Цель – сравнительное изучение содержания матриксных металлопротеиназ (ММП)-2, -7, -9 и их тканевого ингибитора ТИМП-1 в сыворотке крови больных первичными злокачественными новообразованиями костей и практически здоровых людей для выявления их возможной взаимосвязи с гистологическим строением опухоли и прогнозом заболевания.Материал и методы. Проведено сравнительное изучение содержания ММП-2, -7, -9 и ТИМП-1 в сыворотке крови 54 больных первичными опухолями костей (злокачественные опухоли отмечены у 45 пациентов: типичная остеосаркома (n = 21), периостальная остеосаркома (n = 4), саркома Юинга (n = 11), первичная хондросаркома (n = 6), недифференцированная плеоморфная саркома (n = 3); пограничные – гигантоклеточная опухоль кости – у 9) и 26 условно здоровых людей иммуноферментным методом с помощью реактивов “Biosource” (США) для ТИМП-1 и “RD” (США) для ММП-2, ММП-7, ММП-9.Результаты. Уровни ТИМП-1 при типичной остеосаркоме и периостальной остеосаркоме были достоверно выше, чем у практически здоровых людей (р = 0,038 и p = 0,007 соответственно). Содержание ММП-9 при злокачественных опухолях костей было достоверно ниже, чем у практически здоровых людей (p 0,05). Выявлена прямая корреляция между содержанием ТИМП-1 и ММП-9 в сыворотке крови при типичной остеосаркоме, периостальной остеосаркоме и саркоме Юинга (r = 0,37, p = 0,024). Достоверных различий в показателях общей 5-летней выживаемости при саркомах костей, в частности, при остеосаркоме, с учетом содержания ТИМП-1 и ММП-2, -7, -9 в сыворотке крови не выявлено. Однако при остеосаркоме общая 5-летняя выживаемость при содержании ММП-2 160 нг/мл в сыворотке крови была в 1,6 раза выше, чем при более низких значениях ММП-2, а при ММП-9 377 нг/мл – в 1,4 раза выше, чем при ММП-9 377 нг/мл. Минимальные показатели общей 5-летней выживаемости (33%) выявлены у пациентов с уровнями протеиназ ММП-2 160 нг/мл и ММП-9 377 нг/мл.Заключение. Полученные данные позволяют предположить, что экспрессия ММП-2, ММП-9 и ТИМП-1 может иметь связь с патогенетическими изменениями, связанными с ростом и метастазированием сарком костей, в частности, остеосаркомы, и может служить предметом дальнейших исследований по определению уровней этих показателей и их значения в прогнозе злокачественных новообразований костей

Documenting lemming population change in the Arctic: Can we detect trends?

Lemmings are a key component of tundra food webs and changes in their dynamics can affect the whole ecosystem. We present a comprehensive overview of lemming monitoring and research activities, and assess recent trends in lemming abundance across the circumpolar Arctic. Since 2000, lemmings have been monitored at 49 sites of which 38 are still active. The sites were not evenly distributed with notably Russia and high Arctic Canada underrepresented. Abundance was monitored at all sites, but methods and levels of precision varied greatly. Other important attributes such as health, genetic diversity and potential drivers of population change, were often not monitored. There was no evidence that lemming populations were decreasing in general, although a negative trend was detected for low arctic populations sympatric with voles. To keep the pace of arctic change, we recommend maintaining long-term programmes while harmonizing methods, improving spatial coverage and integrating an ecosystem perspective

CMS physics technical design report: Addendum on high density QCD with heavy ions

This report presents the capabilities of the CMS experiment to explore the rich heavy-ion physics programme offered by the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The collisions of lead nuclei at energies ,will probe quark and gluon matter at unprecedented values of energy density. The prime goal of this research is to study the fundamental theory of the strong interaction - Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) - in extreme conditions of temperature, density and parton momentum fraction (low-x). This report covers in detail the potential of CMS to carry out a series of representative Pb-Pb measurements. These include "bulk" observables, (charged hadron multiplicity, low pT inclusive hadron identified spectra and elliptic flow) which provide information on the collective properties of the system, as well as perturbative probes such as quarkonia, heavy-quarks, jets and high pT hadrons which yield "tomographic" information of the hottest and densest phases of the reaction.0info:eu-repo/semantics/publishe