АКТУАЛЬНЫЕ МЕТОДИЧЕСКИЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ ОЦЕНКИ МАСШТАБА НЕГАТИВНЫХ ПОСЛЕДСТВИЙ ПОТРЕБЛЕНИЯ АЛКОГОЛЯ И ПУТИ ИХ РЕШЕНИЯ

Alcohol consumption enters the list of risk factors for the global population health. It determines the nature of social relations and achieved level of public welfare. Authors of the article claim that some unsolved methodological problems complicate the process of interdisciplinary research on various negative consequences of alcohol consumption. The absence of generally approved interpretation of the nature of the risk factor («alcohol consumption» by an individual or «alcohol abuse»), negative consequences of alcohol consumption, and logical contradictions in theories describing the mechanism of their interaction can be indicated among these problems. The use of alternative approaches to the quantitative assessment of the scale of the negative consequences of alcohol consumption (even within the same scientific discipline) does not provide opportunities to perform a comparative analysis of research results. Basing on a review of methods and results of series of clinical, epidemiological, social, and economic studies, the authors systematize and explain the methodological problems of assessing the scale of the alcohol consumption negative consequences, formulate the principles of solutions. The review results can be used for methodological rationalization of new mono- and interdisciplinary studies on negative consequences of alcohol consumption, critical analysis of previous study results, and correction of activities implemented within the government policies aimed to reduce the alcohol abuse and alcoholism prevention. The presented academic review can be used in planning the new activities implemented within the government policy on alleviation of alcohol abuse and prevention of alcoholism.Потребление алкоголя является одним из ведущих факторов риска состояния глобального популяционного здоровья, в значительной мере обусловливает характер социальных отношений и достигнутый уровень общественного благосостояния. Авторы статьи утверждают, что процесс междисциплинарного исследования его негативных последствий (клинических, демографических, социальных и экономических) осложнен рядом нерешенных методических проблем. В их числе отсутствие общепринятой трактовки природы фактора риска («потребление алкоголя» индивидом в любом объеме или «злоупотребление алкоголем») и негативных последствий потребления алкоголя, а также противоречия в теориях, описывающих механизм их взаимосвязи с фактором риска. Использование специалистами альтернативных подходов к количественной оценке масштаба негативных последствий потребления алкоголя при выполнении научных исследований не позволяет проводить сравнительный анализ их результатов. На основе обзора методов и результатов ряда отечественных и зарубежных клинических, эпидемиологических, социальных и экономических исследований авторы статьи раскрывают содержание основных методических проблем оценки масштаба негативных последствий потребления алкоголя, формулируют пути их решения. Результаты представленного научного обзора, предметом которого являются негативные последствия потребления алкоголя, критический анализ результатов ранее выполненных исследований, а также коррекция мероприятий, реализуемых в рамках государственной политики по снижению масштабов злоупотребления алкоголем и профилактике алкоголизма, могут быть использованы для методического обоснования новых моно- и междисциплинарных исследований

Properties of SiO₂-GaAs and Au-Ti-SiO₂-GaAs structures used in production of transmission lines

We investigated electrophysical properties of the SiO₂-GaAs and Au-Ti-SiO₂-GaAs structures that are used in technological process when manufacturing transmission lines for microwave integrated circuits. The SiO₂-GaAs structures were formed using different techniques, namely, (i) monosilane oxidation in oxygen, (ii) high-temperature tetraethoxysilane decomposition, (iii) high-frequency cathode sputtering of quartz in argon plasma, and (iv) electron-beam evaporation of quartz in a vacuum. The SiO₂ films obtained using monosilane oxidation or electron-beam evaporation of quartz demonstrated better properties. For the Au-Ti-SiO₂-GaAs structures a layer structure transformation was shown to occur, with formation of TiOx-SiO₂ junction and gold atoms penetration over the whole adhesion layer thickness. The microwave oscillator modules made using the Au-Ti-SiO₂-GaAs (Si) structures demonstrated output power of 10-60 mW in the 8 mm wavelength range

Radiation hardness of AlAs/GaAs-based resonant tunneling diodes

The total dose effects of ⁶⁰Co γ-radiation on the electrical properties of double-barrier Resonant Tunneling Diodes have been studied. The devices manifest enhanced radiation hardness and conserve their operating parameters up to doses of 2×10⁹ rad. It is shown that all changes in the current-voltage characteristics stem from the effect of ionizing radiation on the undoped layers. The radiation-stimulated diffusion of the heteropair components in the contact region is shown to be important for the voltage drop distribution

Forward pi^0 Production and Associated Transverse Energy Flow in Deep-Inelastic Scattering at HERA

Deep-inelastic positron-proton interactions at low values of Bjorken-x down to x \approx 4.10^-5 which give rise to high transverse momentum pi^0 mesons are studied with the H1 experiment at HERA. The inclusive cross section for pi^0 mesons produced at small angles with respect to the proton remnant (the forward region) is presented as a function of the transverse momentum and energy of the pi^0 and of the four-momentum transfer Q^2 and Bjorken-x. Measurements are also presented of the transverse energy flow in events containing a forward pi^0 meson. Hadronic final state calculations based on QCD models implementing different parton evolution schemes are confronted with the data.Comment: 27 pages, 8 figures and 3 table

Search for Doubly-Charged Higgs Boson Production at HERA

A search for the single production of doubly-charged Higgs bosons H^{\pm \pm} in ep collisions is presented. The signal is searched for via the Higgs decays into a high mass pair of same charge leptons, one of them being an electron. The analysis uses up to 118 pb^{-1} of ep data collected by the H1 experiment at HERA. No evidence for doubly-charged Higgs production is observed and mass dependent upper limits are derived on the Yukawa couplings h_{el} of the Higgs boson to an electron-lepton pair. Assuming that the doubly-charged Higgs only decays into an electron and a muon via a coupling of electromagnetic strength h_{e \mu} = \sqrt{4 \pi \alpha_{em}} = 0.3, a lower limit of 141 GeV on the H^{\pm\pm} mass is obtained at the 95% confidence level. For a doubly-charged Higgs decaying only into an electron and a tau and a coupling h_{e\tau} = 0.3, masses below 112 GeV are ruled out.Comment: 15 pages, 3 figures, 1 tabl

Low Q^2 Jet Production at HERA and Virtual Photon Structure

The transition between photoproduction and deep-inelastic scattering is investigated in jet production at the HERA ep collider, using data collected by the H1 experiment. Measurements of the differential inclusive jet cross-sections dsigep/dEt* and dsigmep/deta*, where Et* and eta* are the transverse energy and the pseudorapidity of the jets in the virtual photon-proton centre of mass frame, are presented for 0 < Q2 < 49 GeV2 and 0.3 < y < 0.6. The interpretation of the results in terms of the structure of the virtual photon is discussed. The data are best described by QCD calculations which include a partonic structure of the virtual photon that evolves with Q2.Comment: 20 pages, 5 Figure

Hadron Production in Diffractive Deep-Inelastic Scattering

Characteristics of hadron production in diffractive deep-inelastic positron-proton scattering are studied using data collected in 1994 by the H1 experiment at HERA. The following distributions are measured in the centre-of-mass frame of the photon dissociation system: the hadronic energy flow, the Feynman-x (x_F) variable for charged particles, the squared transverse momentum of charged particles (p_T^{*2}), and the mean p_T^{*2} as a function of x_F. These distributions are compared with results in the gamma^* p centre-of-mass frame from inclusive deep-inelastic scattering in the fixed-target experiment EMC, and also with the predictions of several Monte Carlo calculations. The data are consistent with a picture in which the partonic structure of the diffractive exchange is dominated at low Q^2 by hard gluons.Comment: 16 pages, 6 figures, submitted to Phys. Lett.

Energy Flow in the Hadronic Final State of Diffractive and Non-Diffractive Deep-Inelastic Scattering at HERA

An investigation of the hadronic final state in diffractive and non--diffractive deep--inelastic electron--proton scattering at HERA is presented, where diffractive data are selected experimentally by demanding a large gap in pseudo --rapidity around the proton remnant direction. The transverse energy flow in the hadronic final state is evaluated using a set of estimators which quantify topological properties. Using available Monte Carlo QCD calculations, it is demonstrated that the final state in diffractive DIS exhibits the features expected if the interaction is interpreted as the scattering of an electron off a current quark with associated effects of perturbative QCD. A model in which deep--inelastic diffraction is taken to be the exchange of a pomeron with partonic structure is found to reproduce the measurements well. Models for deep--inelastic $ep$ scattering, in which a sizeable diffractive contribution is present because of non--perturbative effects in the production of the hadronic final state, reproduce the general tendencies of the data but in all give a worse description.Comment: 22 pages, latex, 6 Figures appended as uuencoded fil

Measurement of D* Meson Cross Sections at HERA and Determination of the Gluon Density in the Proton using NLO QCD

With the H1 detector at the ep collider HERA, D* meson production cross sections have been measured in deep inelastic scattering with four-momentum transfers Q^2>2 GeV2 and in photoproduction at energies around W(gamma p)~ 88 GeV and 194 GeV. Next-to-Leading Order QCD calculations are found to describe the differential cross sections within theoretical and experimental uncertainties. Using these calculations, the NLO gluon momentum distribution in the proton, x_g g(x_g), has been extracted in the momentum fraction range 7.5x10^{-4}< x_g <4x10^{-2} at average scales mu^2 =25 to 50 GeV2. The gluon momentum fraction x_g has been obtained from the measured kinematics of the scattered electron and the D* meson in the final state. The results compare well with the gluon distribution obtained from the analysis of scaling violations of the proton structure function F_2.Comment: 27 pages, 9 figures, 2 tables, submitted to Nucl. Phys.

A Search for Selectrons and Squarks at HERA

Data from electron-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 300 GeV are used for a search for selectrons and squarks within the framework of the minimal supersymmetric model. The decays of selectrons and squarks into the lightest supersymmetric particle lead to final states with an electron and hadrons accompanied by large missing energy and transverse momentum. No signal is found and new bounds on the existence of these particles are derived. At 95% confidence level the excluded region extends to 65 GeV for selectron and squark masses, and to 40 GeV for the mass of the lightest supersymmetric particle.Comment: 13 pages, latex, 6 Figure