“Conhecimento de métodos de planejamento familiar e saúde sexual em universitários”

O planejamento familiar é um direito de todas as pessoas em idade reprodutiva que desejam iniciar a vida sexual; baseia-se no acesso seguro, gratuito e voluntário aos serviços de saúde sexual e reprodutiva, que indica os métodos contraceptivos mais recomendados para a pessoa e como devem ser utilizados. O objetivo do planejamento familiar é prevenir a gravidez indesejada e permitir que as pessoas tenham uma vida sexual segura e satisfatória. Mundialmente verifica-se uma prevalência de 49% de pessoas que realizam planejamento familiar, tendo o Reino Unido a maior percentagem da população em idade reprodutiva com acesso ao planejamento familiar com uma percentagem de 91,1%. O principal objetivo deste estudo é detalhar o conhecimento dos métodos de planejamento familiar e saúde sexual em estudantes universitários. Espera-se estabelecer o conhecimento sobre os métodos de planejamento familiar e encaminhar as consequências da falta de conhecimento aos universitários

El impacto de la COVID-19 en la industria turística de Bolivia y estrategias para salir de la crisis

La COV ID-19 no solo ha afectado la salud de la población, sino también ha deteriorado las economías y las industrias de los países, una de ellas y la más afectada es, sin duda, el turismo. El impacto de la COV ID-19 en la industria turística boliviana alertó que se perderían cerca de 3.020 millones de bolivianos en la gestión de 2020. Los principales mercados de turismo receptivo de Bolivia disminuyeron drásticamente sus viajes y el impacto derivado de la ausencia de turismo provocó que más de 140.000 personas perdieran su fuente de empleo. Pero, sin duda, el microempresario de turismo fue quien recibió el mayor impacto, ya que cerca del 50 % de las unidades productivas cerraron operaciones en los meses siguientes al inicio de la pandemia. Sin embargo, los empresarios bolivianos vieron en la paralización una oportunidad para pensar y reinventarse a partir de la migración al mundo informático

El impacto de la COVID-19 en la industria turística de Bolivia y estrategias para salir de la crisis

Covid-19 has not only affected the health of the population but has also deteriorated the economies and industries of the countries; one of them, which is the most affected, is undoubtedly tourism. The impact of the Covid-19 on the Bolivian tourism industry warned that about 3,020 million BOB $ would be lost in 2020. The main receptive inbound markets in Bolivia drastically decreased their trips and the impact derived from the absence of tourism caused more than 140 thousand people to lose their job source. Undoubtedly, the tourism micro entrepreneur was the one who received the greatest impact, since nearly 50% of the productive units closed operations in the months following the start of the pandemic. However, Bolivian entrepreneurs saw in this interruption an opportunity to think and reinvent themselves by migrating to the computer world.La COV ID-19 no solo ha afectado la salud de la población, sino también ha deteriorado las economías y las industrias de los países, una de ellas y la más afectada es, sin duda, el turismo. El impacto de la COV ID-19 en la industria turística boliviana alertó que se perderían cerca de 3.020 millones de bolivianos en la gestión de 2020. Los principales mercados de turismo receptivo de Bolivia disminuyeron drásticamente sus viajes y el impacto derivado de la ausencia de turismo provocó que más de 140.000 personas perdieran su fuente de empleo. Pero, sin duda, el microempresario de turismo fue quien recibió el mayor impacto, ya que cerca del 50 % de las unidades productivas cerraron operaciones en los meses siguientes al inicio de la pandemia. Sin embargo, los empresarios bolivianos vieron en la paralización una oportunidad para pensar y reinventarse a partir de la migración al mundo informático

First steps in studying the origins of secondary woodiness in Begonia (Begoniaceae): Combining anatomy, phylogenetics, and stem transcriptomics

Since Darwin’s observation that secondary woodiness is common on islands, the evolution of woody plants fromherbaceous ancestors has been documented in numerous angiosperm groups. However, the evolutionary processesthat give rise to this phenomenon are poorly understood. To begin addressing this we have used a range ofapproaches to study the anatomical and genetic changes associated with the evolution and development ofsecondary woodiness in a tractable group. Begonia is a large, mainly herbaceous, pantropical genus that showsmultiple shifts towards secondarily woody species inhabiting mainly tropical montane areas throughout the world.Molecular phylogenies, including only a sample of the woody species in Begonia, indicated at least eight instancesof a herbaceous–woody transition within the genus. Wood anatomical observations of the five woody speciesstudied revealed protracted juvenilism that further support the secondary derived origin of wood within Begonia.To identify potential genes involved in shifts towards secondary woodiness, stem transcriptomes of wooddevelopment in B. burbidgei were analysed and compared with available transcriptome datasets for the non-woodyB. venustra, B. conchifolia, and Arabidopsis, and with transcriptome datasets for wood development in Populus.Results identified a number of potential regulatory genes as well as variation in expression of key biosyntheticenzymes. </div

Assessing long-term changes in tropical forest dynamics: A first test using tree-ring analysis

There is growing evidence that tree turnover in tropical forests has increased over the last decades in permanent sample plots. This phenomenon is generally attributed to the increase in atmospheric CO2, but other causes cannot be ruled out. A proper evaluation of historical shifts in tree turnover requires data over longer periods than used so far. Here, we propose two methods to use tree-ring data for detecting long-term changes in tree turnover. We apply these methods to two non-pioneer tree species in a Bolivian moist forest. First, we checked for temporal changes in the frequency of growth releases to determine whether this frequency has increased over time. Second, we calculated the degree of temporal autocorrelation-a measure that indicates temporal changes in growth rates that are likely related to canopy dynamics-and checked for changes in this parameter over time. In addition, we performed analyses that corrected for ontogenetic increases in the measures used by analyzing residuals from size-growth relations. No evidence for the occurrence of a large-scale disturbance was found as we did not observe synchronization in the occurrence of releases in time. For both species, we did not detect changes in autocorrelation or release frequency over the last 200-300 years. Only in one size category, we found increased release frequency over time, probably as a result of a remaining ontogenetic effect. In all, our analyses do not provide evidence for long-term changes in tree turnover in the study area. We discuss the suitability of the proposed methods

Timber yield projections for tropical tree species: The influence of fast juvenile growth on timber volume recovery

Most growth and yield models for tropical tree species use diameter growth data obtained from permanent sample plots. A potential disadvantage of this data source is that slow-growing, suppressed juvenile trees are included of which only a small fraction will attain harvestable size. If this is the case, the average growth rate of extant juvenile trees will be lower than the historical, juvenile growth rate of trees of harvestable size. Thus, if juvenile growth rates are obtained from permanent plots, future timber yield may be underestimated. To determine the magnitude of this effect we simulated tree growth based on two types of diameter growth data: long-term tree-ring data from harvestable trees ('lifetime growth data') and growth data of the last 10 years from trees of all sizes ('plot-type growth data'). The latter data type is a proxy for growth data from permanent sample plots. Second, we evaluated which percentage of harvestable timber volume at initial harvest is available at second harvest using lifetime growth data. We obtained tree-ring data from 89 to 98 individuals of three Bolivian timber species over their entire size range. Based on these data tree growth simulations were performed for two scenarios: a second harvest in 20, and in 40 years. A realistic degree of growth autocorrelation was incorporated in the growth projections, for both the lifetime and the plot-type growth data. Observed ages at the minimum cutting diameter in tree-ring data of harvestable trees were high: average ages varied from 63 to 179 years among species. Commercial ingrowth was 23-46% larger when using lifetime growth data than for plot-type growth data for two of the three species. Thus, the faster juvenile growth of trees that reached harvestable size indeed resulted in higher projected timber yield. In spite of the positive effect of higher juvenile growth on projected timber yield, our simulations showed that the recuperation of timber volume was low. Only 18-33% of the timber volume logged at first harvest could be obtained at second harvest after 20 years. For a second harvest after 40 years this was 26-49%. Based on our results we recommend the use of above-average growth rates in timber yield projections that apply permanent plot data. To determine which percentage of faster growers should be used in such simulations, it is important that similar analyses are conducted for more species

Tropical tree rings reveal preferential survival of fast-growing juveniles and increased juvenile growth rates over time

Long-term juvenile growth patterns of tropical trees were studied to test two hypotheses: fast-growing juvenile trees have a higher chance of reaching the canopy ('juvenile selection effect'); and tree growth has increased over time ('historical growth increase'). Tree-ring analysis was applied to test these hypotheses for five tree species from three moist forest sites in Bolivia, using samples from 459 individuals. Basal area increment was calculated from ring widths, for trees 10 cm diameter none of the patterns was found. Fast juvenile growth may be essential to enable tropical trees to reach the forest canopy, especially for small juvenile trees in the dark forest understorey. The historical growth increase requires cautious interpretation, but may be partially attributable to CO2 fertilization

Understanding causes of tree growth response to gap formation: D13C-values in tree rings reveal a predominant effect of light

Key message Carbon isotope ratios in growth rings of a tropical tree species show that treefall gaps stimulate diameter growth mainly through changes in the availability of light and not water. The formation of treefall gaps in closed canopy forests usually entails considerable increases in light and nutrient availability for remaining trees, as well as altered plant water availability, and is considered to play a key role in tree demography. The effects of gaps on tree growth are highly variable and while usually stimulatory they may also include growth reductions. In most studies, the causes of changes in tree growth rates after gap formation remain unknown. We used changes in carbon isotope 13C discrimination (Δ13C) in annual growth rings to understand growth responses after gap formation of Peltogyne cf. heterophylla, in a moist forest of Northern Bolivia. We compared growth and Δ13C of the 7 years before and after gap formation. Forty-two trees of different sizes were studied, half of which grew close (<10 m) to single treefall gaps (gap trees), the other half more than 40 m away from gaps (controls). We found variable responses among gap trees in growth and Δ13C. Increased growth was mainly associated with decreased Δ13C, suggesting that the growth response was driven by increased light availability, possibly in combination with improved nutrient availability. Most trees showing zero or negative growth change after gap formation had increased Δ13C, suggesting that increased water stress did not play a role, but rather that light conditions had not changed much or nutrient availability was insufficient to support increased growth. Combining growth rates with Δ13C proved to be a valuable tool to identify the causes of temporal variation in tree growth

Significant weight loss in breastfed term infants readmitted for hyperbilirubinemia

Abstract Background Weight loss of greater than 7% from birth weight indicates possible feeding problems. Inadequate oral intake causes weight loss and increases the bilirubin enterohepatic circulation. The objective of this study was to describe the association between total serum bilirubin (TSB) levels and weight loss in healthy term infants readmitted for hyperbilirubinemia after birth hospitalization. Methods We reviewed medical records of breastfed term infants who received phototherapy according to TSB levels readmitted to Caja Petrolera de Salud Clinic in La Paz, Bolivia during January 2005 through October 2008. Results Seventy-nine infants were studied (64.6% were males). The hyperbilirubinemia readmission rate was 5% among breastfed infants. Term infants were readmitted at a median age of 4 days. Mean TSB level was 18.6 ± 3 mg/dL. Thirty (38%) had significant weight loss. A weak correlation between TSB levels and percent of weight loss was identified (r = 0.20; p 20 mg/dL) was notably higher among infants with significant weight loss (46.7% vs. 18.4%; p Conclusions Significant weight loss could be a useful parameter to identify breastfed term infants at risk of severe hyperbilirubinemia either during birth hospitalization or outpatient follow-up visits in settings where routine pre-discharge TSB levels have not been implemented yet.</p

Evaluating the annual nature of juvenile rings in Bolivian tropical rainforest trees

Knowledge on juvenile tree growth is crucial to understand how trees reach the canopy in tropical forests. However, long-term data on juvenile tree growth are usually unavailable. Annual tree rings provide growth information for the entire life of trees and their analysis has become more popular in tropical forest regions over the past decades. Nonetheless, tree ring studies mainly deal with adult rings as the annual character of juvenile rings has been questioned. We evaluated whether juvenile tree rings can be used for three Bolivian rainforest species. First, we characterized the rings of juvenile and adult trees anatomically. We then evaluated the annual nature of tree rings by a combination of three indirect methods: evaluation of synchronous growth patterns in the tree- ring series, (14)C bomb peak dating and correlations with rainfall. Our results indicate that rings of juvenile and adult trees are defined by similar ring-boundary elements. We built juvenile tree-ring chronologies and verified the ring age of several samples using (14)C bomb peak dating. We found that ring width was correlated with rainfall in all species, but in different ways. In all, the chronology, rainfall correlations and (14)C dating suggest that rings in our study species are formed annually