Phylogeography of two hybridizing southern beeches (Nothofagus spp.) with different adaptive abilities

In phylogenetically related plant species, hybridization can influence their current genetic structure. Long-lasting hybridization may be related to persistence in shared glacial refugia, where the differential abilities of each species to survive could have provided adaptations to changing environmental conditions. In temperate South American forests at the Patagonia region, the pattern of Quaternary glaciations offered several opportunities for refuge. At mid latitudes (42° - 44° S), particular topographic characteristics determined different glaciation patterns, defining the existence of a transitional zone. We studied two widespread Nothofagus species (Nothofagus pumilio, Nothofagus antarctica) characterized by contrasting plasticity. We screened 40 coupled populations with three cpDNA markers, and found 14 different haplotypes. Both species presented significant phylogeographic structure (NST ≥ GST, p>0.001), with two geographically segregated lineages (north-south). A latitudinal cline in the distribution of genetic diversity was determined, with most variable populations in the north (35-41º). Population diversity diminished to southern latitudes but a particular situation occurs between 42-44ºS. The transition zone, a putative refuge area, presented unique haplotypes. The more plastic species, N. antarctica, probably persisted in more refuge areas, which could be reflected in its higher levels of diversity. In these species sympatric distribution explains introgression (IG>IGe) but the differential levels of haplotype sharing between Nothofagus pumilio and N. antarctica at population level are relevant to the understanding of phylogeographic patterns. Hybridization may have facilitated recruitment in the onset of postglacial colonization by middle to long-distance pollen dispersal. In the current scenario of climate change the presence of hybrids with different plastic responses is of remarkable importance.Fil: Soliani, Carolina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Patagonia Norte. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria San Carlos de Bariloche; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte; ArgentinaFil: Gallo, Leonardo. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Patagonia Norte. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria San Carlos de Bariloche; ArgentinaFil: Marchelli, Paula. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Patagonia Norte. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria San Carlos de Bariloche; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte; Argentin

Genetic diversity and population structure in Nothofagus pumilio, a foundation species of Patagonian forests: defining priority conservation areas and management

Patagonian forests are the southernmost temperate forests in the world, and Nothofagus pumilio is one of their most ecologically important tree species (i.e., a foundation species). It presents great adaptability and a wide distribution range, making it a suitable model for predicting the performance of trees facing global climate change. N. pumilio forests are increasingly threatened by extreme climatic events and anthropogenic activities. This study aims to identify priority conservation areas and Genetic Zones (GZs) for N. pumilio, promoting the implementation of specific practices to ensure its management and long-term preservation. Thirty-five populations (965 trees) sampled across its distribution (more than 2200 km latitudinally) were genotyped with SSRs, and geographical patterns of genetic variation were identified using Bayesian approaches. The phylogeographic patterns of the species and geomorphological history of the region were also considered. Six priority conservation areas were identified, which hold high allelic richness and/or exclusive allelic variants. Eighteen GZs were delineated based on the genetic structure of this species, and maps showing their distributional range were drawn up. Overall, this study defines management units based on genetic data for N. pumilio for the first time, which will facilitate the establishment of sustainable practices and highlight priorities for investment of conservation funding.Estación Experimental Agropecuaria BarilocheFil: Mattera, María Gabriela. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Bariloche. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Instituto de Investigaciones Forestales y Agropecuarias Bariloche. Grupo de Genética Ecológica y Mejoramiento Forestal; ArgentinaFil: Pastorino, Mario Juan. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Bariloche. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientıicas y Tecnicas. Grupo de Genética Ecológica y Mejoramiento Forestal; ArgentinaFil: Lantschner, Maria Victoria. nstituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Bariloche. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Instituto de Investigaciones Forestales y Agropecuarias Bariloche. Grupo de Ecología de Poblaciones de Insectos; ArgentinaFil: Marchelli, Paula. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Bariloche. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientıicas y Tecnicas. Grupo de Genética Ecológica y Mejoramiento Forestal; ArgentinaFil: Soliani, Carolina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Bariloche. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Instituto de Investigaciones Forestales y Agropecuarias Bariloche. Grupo de Genética Ecológica y Mejoramiento Forestal; Argentin

Genetic diversity and population structure in Nothofagus pumilio, a foundation species of Patagonian forests: defining priority conservation areas and management

Patagonian forests are the southernmost temperate forests in the world, and Nothofagus pumilio is one of their most ecologically important tree species (i.e., a foundation species). It presents great adaptability and a wide distribution range, making it a suitable model for predicting the performance of trees facing global climate change. N. pumilio forests are increasingly threatened by extreme climatic events and anthropogenic activities. This study aims to identify priority conservation areas and Genetic Zones (GZs) for N. pumilio, promoting the implementation of specific practices to ensure its management and long-term preservation. Thirty-five populations (965 trees) sampled across its distribution (more than 2200 km latitudinally) were genotyped with SSRs, and geographical patterns of genetic variation were identified using Bayesian approaches. The phylogeographic patterns of the species and geomorphological history of the region were also considered. Six priority conservation areas were identified, which hold high allelic richness and/or exclusive allelic variants. Eighteen GZs were delineated based on the genetic structure of this species, and maps showing their distributional range were drawn up. Overall, this study defines management units based on genetic data for N. pumilio for the first time, which will facilitate the establishment of sustainable practices and highlight priorities for investment of conservation funding.Fil: Mattera, María Gabriela. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Patagonia Norte. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria San Carlos de Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones Forestales y Agropecuarias Bariloche. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones Forestales y Agropecuarias Bariloche; ArgentinaFil: Pastorino, Mario Juan. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Patagonia Norte. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria San Carlos de Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones Forestales y Agropecuarias Bariloche. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones Forestales y Agropecuarias Bariloche; ArgentinaFil: Lantschner, María Victoria. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Patagonia Norte. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria San Carlos de Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones Forestales y Agropecuarias Bariloche. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones Forestales y Agropecuarias Bariloche; ArgentinaFil: Marchelli, Paula. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Patagonia Norte. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria San Carlos de Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones Forestales y Agropecuarias Bariloche. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones Forestales y Agropecuarias Bariloche; ArgentinaFil: Soliani, Carolina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Patagonia Norte. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria San Carlos de Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones Forestales y Agropecuarias Bariloche. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones Forestales y Agropecuarias Bariloche; Argentin

Neutral and adaptive variation in the most widely distributed native tree species in Patagonia: on the way to defining provenance regions for Nothofagus pumilio

In our ongoing project, we aim to define Provenance Regions (PR) for the species along its distribution range in Argentina, from 36º S to 55º S. We propose the combination of neutral genetic variation with quantitative information generated from common garden provenance and progeny genetic trials.Estación Experimental Agropecuaria BarilocheFil: Mattera, María Gabriela. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estacion Experimental Agropecuaria Bariloche; ArgentinaFil: Torres, Ana Delia. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estacion Experimental Agropecuaria Bariloche; ArgentinaFil: Soliani, Carolina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Bariloche; ArgentinaFil: Aparicio, Alejandro Gabriel. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estacion Experimental Agropecuaria Bariloche; ArgentinaFil: Marchelli, Paula. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Bariloche; ArgentinaFil: Pastorino, Mario Juan. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Bariloche; Argentin

Worldwide diversity of endophytic fungi and insects associated with dormant tree twigs

International trade in plants and climate change are two of the main factors causing damaging tree pests (i.e. fungi and insects) to spread into new areas. To mitigate these risks, a large-scale assessment of tree-associated fungi and insects is needed. We present records of endophytic fungi and insects in twigs of 17 angiosperm and gymnosperm genera, from 51 locations in 32 countries worldwide. Endophytic fungi were characterized by highthroughput sequencing of 352 samples from 145 tree species in 28 countries. Insects were reared from 227 samples of 109 tree species in 18 countries and sorted into taxonomic orders and feeding guilds. Herbivorous insects were grouped into morphospecies and were identified using molecular and morphological approaches. This dataset reveals the diversity of tree-associated taxa, as it contains 12,721 fungal Amplicon Sequence Variants and 208 herbivorous insect morphospecies, sampled across broad geographic and climatic gradients and for many tree species. This dataset will facilitate applied and fundamental studies on the distribution of fungal endophytes and insects in trees.Estación Experimental Agropecuaria BarilocheFil: Franic, Iva. CABI; SuizaFil: Franic, Iva. Instituto Federal Suizo para la Investigación de Bosques, Nieve y Paisajes; SuizaFil: Prospero, Simone. Instituto Federal Suizo para la Investigación de Bosques, Nieve y Paisajes; SuizaFil: Adamson, Kalev. Estonian University of Life Sciences. Institute of Forestry and Rural Engineering; EstoniaFil: Corley, Juan Carlos. Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria (INTA). Estacion Experimental Agropecuaria Bariloche; ArgentinaFil: Corley, Juan Carlos. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Instituto de Investigaciones Forestales y Agropecuarias Bariloche; ArgentinaFil: Lantschner, Maria Victoria. Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria (INTA). Estacion Experimental Agropecuaria Bariloche. Area Forestal; ArgentinaFil: Lantschner, Maria Victoria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Instituto de Investigaciones Forestales y Agropecuarias Bariloche; ArgentinaFil: Soliani, Carolina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria (INTA). Estacion Experimental Agropecuaria Bariloche. Area Forestal; ArgentinaFil: Soliani, Carolina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Instituto de Investigaciones Forestales y Agropecuarias Bariloche; ArgentinaFil: Eschen, René. CABI; Suiz

Molecular bases of responses to abiotic stress in trees

Trees are constantly exposed to climate fluctuations, which vary with both time and geographic location. Environmental changes that are outside of the physiological favorable range usually negatively affect plant performance and trigger responses to abiotic stress. Long-living trees in particular have evolved a wide spectrum of molecular mechanisms to coordinate growth and development under stressful conditions, thus minimizing fitness costs. The ongoing development of techniques directed at quantifying abiotic stress has significantly increased our knowledge of physiological responses in woody plants. However, it is only within recent years that advances in next-generation sequencing and biochemical approaches have enabled us to begin to understand the complexity of the molecular systems that underlie these responses. Here, we review recent progress in our understanding of the molecular bases of drought and temperature stresses in trees, with a focus on functional, transcriptomic, epigenetic, and population genomic studies. In addition, we highlight topics that will contribute to progress in our understanding of the plastic and adaptive responses of woody plants to drought and temperature in a context of global climate change.Estación Experimental Agropecuaria BarilocheFil: Estravis Barcala, Maximiliano. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Instituto Andino Patagónico de Tecnologías Biológicas y Geoambientales. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Mattera, María Gabriela. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Bariloche. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Instituto de Investigaciones Forestales y Agropecuarias Bariloche; ArgentinaFil: Soliani, Carolina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Bariloche. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Instituto de Investigaciones Forestales y Agropecuarias Bariloche; ArgentinaFil: Bellora, Nicolas. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Instituto Andino Patagónico de Tecnologías Biológicas y Geoambientales. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Opgenoorth, Lars. Philipps University Marburg. Department of Ecology; AlemaniaFil: Heer, Katrin. Philipps University Marburg. Department of Conservation Biology; AlemaniaFil: Arana, María Veronica. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Bariloche. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Instituto de Investigaciones Forestales y Agropecuarias Bariloche; Argentin

Zonas genéticas y áreas prioritarias para la conservación de los bosques de lenga en la Patagonia Argentina

Los cambios globales que se están suscitando, tanto climáticos como del uso de los recursos naturales, impactan en la persistencia y dinámica ecológica de los ecosistemas del mundo debido a la gran velocidad con la que ocurren. Estos cambios pueden generar modificaciones en los patrones de diversidad, y las estrategias para mitigarlos pueden no ser suficientes en algunas especies. En este contexto resulta clave conocer cómo se presenta la variación natural de una especie, para planificar estrategias sostenibles de conservación, manejo y utilización de los productos y servicios asociados. En especies forestales, el ordenamiento de sus recursos genéticos promueve la sustentabilidad del sistema asistiendo con prescripciones concretas para su manejo, garantizando la conservación de su acervo ecológico-genético. Una forma de ordenar es delimitar unidades operativas de manejo (Pastorino & Gallo 2009), las que, basadas en la variación de marcadores genéticos y/o caracteres métricos cuantitativos, hacen factible el movimiento de material de propagación sin riesgos de contaminación genética o maladaptación. Las zonas genéticas, en particular, están fundadas en la variación de marcadores del ADN selectivamente neutros y en la ponderación de la estructura poblacional e historia evolutiva de la especie.Estación Experimental Agropecuaria BarilocheFil: Mattera, María Gabriela. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Bariloche. Area Forestal; ArgentinaFil: Mattera, Maria Gabriela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Instituto de Investigaciones Forestales y Agropecuarias Bariloche; ArgentinaFil: Pastorino, Mario Juan. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Bariloche. Grupo de Ecología Forestal; ArgentinaFil: Pastorino, Mario Juan. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Instituto de Investigaciones Forestales y Agropecuarias Bariloche; ArgentinaFil: Lantschner, Maria Victoria. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Bariloche. Area Forestal; ArgentinaFil: Lantschner, Maria Victoria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Instituto de Investigaciones Forestales y Agropecuarias Bariloche; ArgentinaFil: Marchelli, Paula. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Bariloche. Grupo de Ecología Forestal; ArgentinaFil: Marchelli, Paula. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Instituto de Investigaciones Forestales y Agropecuarias Bariloche; ArgentinaFil: Soliani, Carolina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Instituto de Investigaciones Forestales y Agropecuarias Bariloche; ArgentinaFil: Soliani, Carolina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Bariloche. Area Forestal; Argentin

Dermoglandular advancement-rotation flap for conservative treatment of breast cancer – description of technique, objective and subjective assessments

Objectiveto describe and evaluate the dermoglandular advancement-rotation flap with no contralateral surgery as a technique for the conservative treatment of breast cancer when skin or a large proportion of gland requires resection.Patients/Methods14 patients with breast tumors with a mean size of 4.2 cm and need for skin resection. The resection area is included within an isosceles triangle, with its apex located on the areola, which is the pivot for rotation of a dermoglandular flap released through a lateral extension along that triangle base. Symmetry before and after radiotherapy was objectively assessed by authors using the BCCT.core software, as well as subjectively by three experts and patients themselves using the Harvard scale.ResultsExperts considered the breast symmetry results to be excellent/good for 85.7% of patients in the early post-operative period and 78.6% in the late post-operative period. Excellent/good ratings provided by BCCT.core software amounted to 78.6% of cases in the early post-operative period and 92.9% in the late post-operative period. Symmetry was rated as excellent/good by 100% of patients.ConclusionDermoglandular advancement-rotation flap technique with no contralateral surgery provides good symmetry when a large proportion of skin or gland requires resection on breast conservative cancer treatment

Foreign Trade of the State of Acre, Brazil, Between 2019 and 2022: An Analysis of Commercial Interactions

Purpose: The objective of this study was to analyze import and export operations in the state of Acre between 2019 and 2022, aiming to understand the importance of local foreign trade and its recent advancements.   Theoretical framework: The continuous evolution of trade interactions between nations is crucial for economic development, regardless of a country's economic stage, and foreign trade emerges as a fundamental pillar for this growth. However, despite Brazil being one of the largest global economies, its exports still do not reach their full potential, highlighting the importance of studying foreign trade, especially in the context of the state of Acre, due to its strategic location and potential in the Amazon Region.   Methodology: This study adopts a descriptive approach and quantitative methodology to meticulously analyze import and export operations in the period from 2019 to 2022, using official data from the Ministry of Development, Industry, Trade, and Services (MDIC), available on the Comex Stat electronic platform.   Findings: The analysis recorded a notable increase in exports, mainly to Peru, the United States, and Hong Kong, driven by the growth of exports of wood, nuts, corn, and soybeans, while imports also grew, with China being the main source of imported products. Maritime transport emerged as the predominant mode for both exports and imports, highlighting the importance of the Pacific Highway for the state's commercial transactions.   Research, practical & social implications: Future research should investigate how the understanding of the presented data can influence the planning for sustainable economic growth in Acre, as well as its global integration in trade, considering relations with strategically neighboring countries.   Originality/value: The results indicate that Acre is strategically expanding its trade based on diversification, integration with key partners, and logistical adaptation, positioning itself for a relevant role in the global scenario and contributing to the development of the Amazon Region

Climate, host and geography shape insect and fungal communities of trees.

Non-native pests, climate change, and their interactions are likely to alter relationships between trees and tree-associated organisms with consequences for forest health. To understand and predict such changes, factors structuring tree-associated communities need to be determined. Here, we analysed the data consisting of records of insects and fungi collected from dormant twigs from 155 tree species at 51 botanical gardens or arboreta in 32 countries. Generalized dissimilarity models revealed similar relative importance of studied climatic, host-related and geographic factors on differences in tree-associated communities. Mean annual temperature, phylogenetic distance between hosts and geographic distance between locations were the major drivers of dissimilarities. The increasing importance of high temperatures on differences in studied communities indicate that climate change could affect tree-associated organisms directly and indirectly through host range shifts. Insect and fungal communities were more similar between closely related vs. distant hosts suggesting that host range shifts may facilitate the emergence of new pests. Moreover, dissimilarities among tree-associated communities increased with geographic distance indicating that human-mediated transport may serve as a pathway of the introductions of new pests. The results of this study highlight the need to limit the establishment of tree pests and increase the resilience of forest ecosystems to changes in climate