Trends in extreme precipitation and the influence by meteorological parameters following the RCP8.5 scenario over 2 catchments in India

The Historical1 simulation (1960-2000) and the RCP8.5 scenario (2060-2100) from the NorESM are used to investigate trends in extreme precipitation, as well as the impact from vertical velocity, specific humidity, divergence and temperature on the precipitation formation. The calculations are performed over the Indian catchments Godavari and Krishna, and are restricted to the monsoon season (June-September). Precipitation from the APHRODITE observations are used to validate the NorESM precipitation, and the vertical velocity, specific humidity, divergence and temperature are validated against the NCEP1 reanalysis. The calculated trends in extreme precipitation show that both the yearly mean intensity and the yearly number of events will increase in the future, by approximately 30 % and 40 % (90 % over Krishna), respectively. Using linear regression analysis, the vertical velocity is found to be the most important factor in the formation of extreme precipitation with a correlation of 0.66 over Godavari and 0.47 over Krishna. Along with the specific humidity, most of the precipitation amounts can be accounted for by only including these two parameters, while the temperature is assumed to be less important. A simple model is also applied to estimate precipitation under the assumption that an air parcel follows the moist adiabatic lapse rate. This estimated precipitation is underestimated, and the extreme precipitation has its maximum values 20 mm below the NorESM extreme values. This shows the importance of including diabatic terms such as radiative cooling, which increases the condensation rate of an air parcel.Master i Meteorologi og oseanografiMAMN-GEOFGEOF39

Mortality and injuries of haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) that are caught by pelagic longline

By-catches of haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) below legal size (44 cm total length) in the seasonal pelagic longline fisheries for haddock off the coast of Finnmark, northern Norway, are often high. The small fish are torn off the hook at the vessel side by means of a crucifier or a gaff and returned to the sea. It is generally thought that most of the discarded haddock die. An investigation to quantify this mortality was done in the season for this fishery in 1997. The undersized haddock that were torn off the longline hook were recaptured by gently catching them in a dip net as they reached the sea surface. Survival of haddock torn off by means of crucifier alone was compared to haddock torn of the hook by means of a gaff. The fish were transferred in tanks onboard a vessel to holding pens made of small meshed knotless netting floating at the surface. They were visually monitored for 7-11 days. The control group consisted of haddock fished with clean hooks without barbs and gently released by hand. At the end of the observation period the live and dead fish were examined for external damage. The experiment showed a total mortality of 39% for fish that had been torn off by means of a crucifier, and 53% mortality of fish released by means of a gaff. The mortality of the control group was 9%. The injuries of the fish were also analysed

Mortality and injuries of haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) that are caught by pelagic longline

By-catches of haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) below legal size (44 cm total length) in the seasonal pelagic longline fisheries for haddock off the coast of Finnmark, northern Norway, are often high. The small fish are torn off the hook at the vessel side by means of a crucifier or a gaff and returned to the sea. It is generally thought that most of the discarded haddock die. An investigation to quantify this mortality was done in the season for this fishery in 1997. The undersized haddock that were torn off the longline hook were recaptured by gently catching them in a dip net as they reached the sea surface. Survival of haddock torn off by means of crucifier alone was compared to haddock torn of the hook by means of a gaff. The fish were transferred in tanks onboard a vessel to holding pens made of small meshed knotless netting floating at the surface. They were visually monitored for 7-11 days. The control group consisted of haddock fished with clean hooks without barbs and gently released by hand. At the end of the observation period the live and dead fish were examined for external damage. The experiment showed a total mortality of 39% for fish that had been torn off by means of a crucifier, and 53% mortality of fish released by means of a gaff. The mortality of the control group was 9%. The injuries of the fish were also analysed

Cyber Risk Perception in the Maritime Domain: A Systematic Literature Review

This paper aims to present an approach to investigate cyber risk perception with use of recognized psychological models, and to give an overview of state-of-the-art research within the field of cyber risk perception in general and in the context of the maritime domain. The focus will be on determinative dimensions within the psychometric paradigm and cognitive biases, and to give recommendations on further research within these fields. Okoli and Schabram’s eight-step guide to plan, select, extract, and execute a systematic literature review is used as guidance. The search process resulted in 25 relevant articles which describes 24 dimensions of cyber risk perception in different online environments. Research within the area of maritime cyber security is increasing, however, no studies relevant for our literature review were found within the maritime domain. The nine dimensions in the psychometric model, perceived benefit and the optimistic bias is presented and discussed in a maritime context. Cyber risk perception is a complex research-area where both determinative factors and other cognitive processes can be influenced by each other. This can indicate that the dimensions differ across populations and professions, creating grounds for why context-specific studies are important. Further research may benefit from more multidisciplinary, descriptive, and inductive approaches, and contextual studies within maritime cyber risk perception can contribute to develop targeted tools for risk mitigation to enhance safety at sea.publishedVersio

An Operational Approach to Maritime Cyber Resilience

acceptedVersio

Mortality and injuries of haddock, cod and saithe escaping through codend meshes and sorting grids

Mortalities and injuries of the gadoids haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus L.), cod (Gadus morhua L.) and saithe (Pollachius virens L.) were studied after codend and grid escapement in two full scale trials in 2000 and 2001 in the Barents Sea. The escaped fish were sampled using small meshed cages. Trawl caught controls were sampled by removing the cod end and attaching the cage directly to the cod end extension. In the 2001 trial, control fish were sampled in fish traps in addition. Acoustic closing and releasing devices were used to time the sampling. Survival rates of cod and saithe escaping through codend and sorting grid were 100%. Mortality of haddock were 26.2 to 50.4% (codend escapees), 1.6 to 20% (grid escapees), 4.1 to 26.5% (trawl caught controls) and 0% (trap caught controls). The haddock mortality and injuries decreased with increasing fish length in all groups, with a mortality peek of the mesh escapees with girth approximately the mesh size circumference. Cod and saithe had significantly less skin and fin injuries than haddock, and in general, frequency of skin injuries increased towards the tail. Grid escaped gadoids had significantly less skin and fin damages than the mesh and control groups

Navigating through Cyber Threats, A Maritime Navigator’s Experience

Cyber threats are emerging as a risk in the maritime industry. If the navigational systems on board a ship somehow fail to function because of a cyber incident, the navigator is an important asset who is expected to handle the problem and provide a solution to maintain the safety of the crew, the vessel, and the environment. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) urges the shipping industry to be resilient towards cyber threats. To facilitate for enhanced operational maritime cyber resilience, there is a need to understand how navigators interpret cyber threats, which can be essential to safely conduct nautical operations. This paper presents a qualitative study of navigators’ understanding of cyber threats based on interviews with ten navigators, and further provides recommendations for how use of this knowledge can contribute to enhanced maritime cyber resilience.Navigating through Cyber Threats, A Maritime Navigator’s ExperiencepublishedVersio

An Attack on an Integrated Navigation System

Maritime cyber security is emerging as a field as reports of cyber attacks against computerized maritime systems have started arriving. Modern vessels are equipped with computerized systems for navigation employing the Global Positioning System (GPS), known as Integrated Navigation Systems (INS) and Electronic Chart Display and Information Systems (ECDIS). This paper describes a proof-of-concept attack on an INS and its integrated ECDIS, and reports on a demonstration of the attack on a vessel. The attack includes malware that acts as a man-in-the-middle intercepting and manipulating GPS coordinates. Furthermore, the paper discusses the feasibility of the attack, as well as countermeasures

Catch comparison between rockhoppers and bobbins ground gear on the Norwegian bottom sampling trawl

In a study aimed at improving the reliability of the Norwegian bottom sampling trawl, comparative fishing between standard bobbins gear and rockhopper ground gear were carried out in the Barents Sea. The catch ratios bobbins/ rockhopper (B/R) for cod and haddock show a higher efficiency for rockhopper than for bobbins, especially for small fish. The catch ratio B/R for cod varied by time of day. Rockhopper seemed to have a higher efficiency compared to bobbins during daytime. The same trend was not found for haddock. These experiments confirm earlier experiments that rockhoppper is more effective than bobbins gear in catching fish close to the bottom. This is particulary true for small cod

Caprock interaction with CO2 : Geomechanical and geochemical effects

Subsurface storage of carbon dioxide is often considered one of the most promising ways of reducing atmospheric levels of CO2. The safety of the operation is closely related to the performance of caprocks overlying the formations in which CO2 is injected. Interactions between CO2 or CO2/brine and caprocks can alter the sealing capacity which prevents upward migration of CO2. This thesis is a part of the SSC Ramore project, concerned with risk assessment related to underground geological storage of CO2. A new experimental design allowing a caprock core to be flooded with CO2 was prepared and tested at the Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI). The initial aim of injecting CO2 saturated brine into a sample from the Draupne Formation had to be altered due to experimental difficulties encountered. Instead it was decided to perform a capillary breakthrough pressure test. By applying a gradually increasing pressure gradient across the sample, an apparent flow of supercritical CO2 was obtained at a breakthrough pressure of ~3.5 MPa. However, the interpretation of this as a real breakthrough pressure was made difficult by the simultaneous onset of a significant radial expansion. Geochemical effects of Draupne claystone interacting with acidic CO2-saturated brine were investigated in a batch reactor at the University of Oslo (UiO). Small amounts of powdered claystone material were reacted with solutions with pH ranging from 2 – 10. At the pH levels expected in underground geological formations after CO2 injection, the experiment indicates that most of the carbonates present in the Draupne caprock are dissolution-prone