Generalized tuberculosis due to Mycobacterium caprae in a red fox phylogenetically related to livestock breakdowns

Background Tuberculosis (TB) due to Mycobacterium caprae is endemic in goat herds and free-ranging wild boars in Spain, causing infections in other livestock or wild animals to a lesser extent. TB infection in foxes is infrequently reported and they are usually considered spillover hosts of TB. Case presentation A blind, depressed and severely emaciated red fox (Vulpes vulpes) was admitted to a rehabilitation center. After clinical examination it was humanely sacrificed. At necropsy, generalized TB lesions were observed that were subsequently confirmed by histopathology along with a co-infection with canine distemper virus. M. caprae was isolated from mycobacterial culture and spoligotype SB0415 was identified. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) of the isolated M. caprae was carried out and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) were compared with other sequences of M. caprae isolated from livestock and wildlife of the same area throughout the last decade. Conclusions This is the first reported case of TB due to M. caprae in a fox in the Iberian Peninsula. WGS and SNP analysis, together with spatial-temporal investigations, associated this case with recent M. caprae outbreaks in cattle and goat herds of the area. The results indicated transmission of M. caprae between livestock and the fox, suggesting that this species may occasionally play a role in the epidemiology of animal TB.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Generalized tuberculosis due to Mycobacterium caprae in a red fox phylogenetically related to livestock breakdowns

Ajuts: Generalitat de Catalunya. Departament d'Acció Climàtica, Alimentació i Agenda Rural EFA357/INNOTUBTuberculosis (TB) due to Mycobacterium caprae is endemic in goat herds and free-ranging wild boars in Spain, causing infections in other livestock or wild animals to a lesser extent. TB infection in foxes is infrequently reported and they are usually considered spillover hosts of TB

West Nile Virus Lineage 2 Spreads Westwards in Europe and Overwinters in North-Eastern Spain (2017–2020)

West Nile virus lineage 2 (WNV-L2) emerged in Europe in 2004; since then, it has spread across the continent, causing outbreaks in humans and animals. During 2017 and 2020, WNV-L2 was detected and isolated from four northern goshawks in two provinces of Catalonia (north-eastern Spain). In order to characterise the first Spanish WNV-L2 isolates and elucidate the potential overwintering of the virus in this Mediterranean region, complete genome sequencing, phylogenetic analyses, and a study of phenotypic characterisation were performed. Our results showed that these Spanish isolates belonged to the central-southern WNV-L2 clade. In more detail, they were related to the Lombardy cluster that emerged in Italy in 2013 and has been able to spread westwards, causing outbreaks in France (2018) and Spain (2017 and 2020). Phenotypic characterisation performed in vitro showed that these isolates presented characteristics corresponding to strains of moderate to high virulence. All these findings evidence that these WNV-L2 strains have been able to circulate and overwinter in the region, and are pathogenic, at least in northern goshawks, which seem to be very susceptible to WNV infection and may be good indicators of WNV-L2 circulation. Due to the increasing number of human and animal cases in Europe in the last years, this zoonotic flavivirus should be kept under extensive surveillance, following a One-Health approach.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Larvicidal activity of essential oils and extracts of colombian plants against Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae)

Los aceites esenciales y extractos de plantas,cultivadas de forma orgánica en la finca El Limonal Piedecuesta-Santander, Colombia, obtenidos por hidrodestilación asistida por microondas y percolación, se caracterizaron por cromatografía de gases acoplada a espectrometría de masas. La actividad insecticida se evaluó frente a larvas en tercer instar de Culex quinquefasciatus y en la enzima acetilcolinesterasa. La toxicidad se determinó en el modelo del pez cebra (Danio rerio). De ellos, el aceite esencial de Ruta graveolens fue el que presentó la mejor actividad larvicida, con CL50 7.20±0.19 μg/mL, una moderada inhibición de la enzima con IC50 44.98±1.1 μg/mL y moderada toxicidad con CL50 13.33±0.59 mg/L.Essential oils and extracts obtained by microwave hydrodistillation and percolation from plants organically cultivated in the farm El Limonal Piedecuesta-Santander, Colombia, were characterized by Gas Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectrometry. The insecticidal activity against third instar larva of Culex quinquefasciatus and the inhibition activity of acetylcholinesterase of those compounds were studied. Also, the toxicity was evaluated against the zebrafish (Danio rerio). Our results show that the Ruta graveolens essential oil had the highest larvicidal activity with a LC50 7.20±0.19 μg/mL, a moderate inhibition over the enzyme with an IC50 44.98±1.1 μg/mL and a moderate toxicity with a LC50 13.33±0.59 mg/L

The Caldera. No. 21

Las huellas que deja el tiempo… Los años siempre dejan su huella… El inexorable paso del tiempo… Son algunas de las expresiones que utilizamos, popularmente, para referirnos a cómo cada almanaque vivido, cómo cada instante que pasa deja sus marcas, sus rastros, sus huellas. En el período Barroco, el hombre cayó en un estado de pesadez existencial, no sólo a nivel económico, político y social, sino que se constituyó en una época que lo sumergió en una crisis existencial; el hombre barroco, descubrió y escribió con horror, sobre la efímera condición de la especie humana. Pero no sólo el hombre del Barroco se ha inquietado con el finito y definitivo paso del hombre por la tierra, también civilizaciones como la Griega, la Romana, la Egipcia, y más cercanas a nosotros, los Incas, los Mayas y los Aztecas, le han rendido culto al paso del tiempo, incluso, crearon sus propias maneras de registrarlo, sus propios calendarios y llevaban un registro de lo que iban viviendo. Yo me atrevo a decir que la dificultad no radica en las marcas físicas que deja el ineludible, el inevitable paso del tiempo; me atrevo a afirmar que el problema es el no dejar huellas positivas, en no dejar ningún rastro loable, ni marca agradable “ninguna estela en el mar”, en palabras de Machado, en nada, ni en nadie.Una obra para la posteridad; Por Matías Gómez Buitrago…06 Dr. Jorge Reynolds Pombo: Orgullo Colombiano; Por Carlos Rodríguez Blanco…10 Ética y moral: Fundamentos de un CALDISTA; Por Andrés David Rojas…14 Nuestra RECTORA; Por Valentina Manrique y Luisa Navarro…18 Líderes Caldistas 2017…24 Lectura: PROCESO FUNDAMENTAL En el Instituto Caldas…36 Instituto CALDAS: 65 AÑOS; Por Carlos Alirio Castillo y Saula Nayibe Figueroa…42 Eventos Conmemoración: 65 años…58 Interclases 2017…62 Nuevos laboratorios…66 Expresiones Caldistas…68 Galería de Imágenes…96 Nuestros MAESTROS…104The traces that time leaves ... The years always leave their mark ... The inexorable passage of time ... These are some of the expressions that we use, popularly, to refer to how each lived almanac, how each passing moment leaves its marks, its traces, her footprints. In the Baroque period, man fell into a state of existential heaviness, not only at the economic, political and social level, but was constituted at a time that plunged him into an existential crisis; the baroque man, discovered and wrote with horror, on the ephemeral condition of the human species. But not only the man of the Baroque has been concerned with the finite and definitive passage of man on earth, also civilizations such as the Greek, the Roman, the Egyptian, and closer to us, the Incas, the Mayas and the Aztecs, They have worshiped the passage of time, even created their own ways of recording it, their own calendars and kept a record of what they were living. I dare say that the difficulty does not lie in the physical marks left by the inescapable, the inevitable passage of time; I dare to affirm that the problem is not to leave positive traces, in not leaving any praiseworthy trace, nor a pleasant mark "no wake in the sea", in the words of Machado, on anything, or on anyone

Actividad larvicida de aceites esenciales y extractos de plantas colombianas frente a Culex quinquefasciatus (Díptera: Culicidae)

Essential oils and extracts obtained by microwave hydrodistillation and percolation from plants organically cultivated in the farm El Limonal Piedecuesta-Santander, Colombia, were characterized by Gas Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectrometry. The insecticidal activity against third instar larva of Culex quinquefasciatus and the inhibition activity of acetylcholinesterase of those compounds were studied. Also, the toxicity was evaluated against the zebrafish (Danio rerio). Our results show that the Ruta graveolens essential oil had the highest larvicidal activity with a LC50 7.20±0.19 μg/mL, a moderate inhibition over the enzyme with an IC50 44.98±1.1 μg/mL and a moderate toxicity with a LC50 13.33±0.59 mg/L.Los aceites esenciales y extractos de plantas,cultivadas de forma orgánica en la finca El Limonal Piedecuesta-Santander, Colombia, obtenidos por hidrodestilación asistida por microondas y percolación, se caracterizaron por cromatografía de gases acoplada a espectrometría de masas. La actividad insecticida se evaluó frente a larvas en tercer instar de Culex quinquefasciatus y en la enzima acetilcolinesterasa. La toxicidad se determinó en el modelo del pez cebra (Danio rerio). De ellos, el aceite esencial de Ruta graveolens fue el que presentó la mejor actividad larvicida, con CL50 7.20±0.19 μg/mL, una moderada inhibición de la enzima con IC50 44.98±1.1 μg/mL y moderada toxicidad con CL50 13.33±0.59 mg/L

West Nile Virus Lineage 2 Spreads Westwards in Europe and Overwinters in North-Eastern Spain (2017-2020)

West Nile virus lineage 2 (WNV-L2) emerged in Europe in 2004; since then, it has spread across the continent, causing outbreaks in humans and animals. During 2017 and 2020, WNV-L2 was detected and isolated from four northern goshawks in two provinces of Catalonia (north-eastern Spain). In order to characterise the first Spanish WNV-L2 isolates and elucidate the potential overwintering of the virus in this Mediterranean region, complete genome sequencing, phylogenetic analyses, and a study of phenotypic characterisation were performed. Our results showed that these Spanish isolates belonged to the central-southern WNV-L2 clade. In more detail, they were related to the Lombardy cluster that emerged in Italy in 2013 and has been able to spread westwards, causing outbreaks in France (2018) and Spain (2017 and 2020). Phenotypic characterisation performed in vitro showed that these isolates presented characteristics corresponding to strains of moderate to high virulence. All these findings evidence that these WNV-L2 strains have been able to circulate and overwinter in the region, and are pathogenic, at least in northern goshawks, which seem to be very susceptible to WNV infection and may be good indicators of WNV-L2 circulation. Due to the increasing number of human and animal cases in Europe in the last years, this zoonotic flavivirus should be kept under extensive surveillance, following a One-Health approach

First diclofenac intoxication in a wild avian scavenger in Europe

Diclofenac is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) with a well-known toxicity for old world vultures that ingest the carrion of domestic animals treated with it. Diclofenac intoxication was directly related to the dramatic declines in the populations of three native South Asian Gyps vulture species two decades ago. In 2013, this NSAID was authorised for veterinary use in Spain, which has the largest vulture populations in Europe. One of these species is the cinereous vulture (Aegypius monachus), which is classified as “near threatened” by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). This species has been reintroduced and monitored in Catalonia (NE Spain) since 2007, and in 2020 its current population consisted of 15 breeding pairs and a total number of 61 individuals. In September 2020, one fledgling was found dead in the nest. Post-mortem examination revealed severe generalised visceral and articular gout, which was confirmed histologically. Diclofenac was detected at average concentrations of 26.5 ng/g in the liver and 51.4 ng/g in kidney replicates (n = 3), respectively. These findings support a diagnosis of fatal gout caused by diclofenac intoxication. This is the first case of diclofenac poisoning in Spain (and in Europe), in addition to being the first report of diclofenac poisoning in cinereous vultures. This case report, therefore, supports the need to closely monitor vulture populations and carry out strict regulatory measures with which to prevent these poisonings.The programme to reintroduce the cinereous vulture into the Catalan pre-Pyrenees has been funded by “Obra Social la Caixa” (through a contract with the “Generalitat de Catalunya”), the “Red Eléctrica de España” and the “Fundación Biodiversidad” from the Spanish Ministry of Ecological Transition and Demographic Challenge (MITECO).Peer reviewe

Biodiversidad 2018. Reporte de estado y tendencias de la biodiversidad continental de Colombia

Las cifras y temáticas contenidos en el presente Reporte, aunque no son el panorama completo del estado del conocimiento de la biodiversidad en Colombia, son un compendio seleccionado de los temas que, desde el Instituto Humboldt, consideramos son relevantes y merecen ser discutidos por el público general. En muchos de los casos, las cifras no son esperanzadoras u son un llamado urgente a la acción. En otro casos son la evidencia de que se requieren acciones a nivel nacional, y más allá de esto, son muchas las iniciativas que están germinando desde los territorios, cada vez desde una mayor variedad de actores.Bogotá, D. C., Colombi

Global attitudes in the management of acute appendicitis during COVID-19 pandemic: ACIE Appy Study

Background: Surgical strategies are being adapted to face the COVID-19 pandemic. Recommendations on the management of acute appendicitis have been based on expert opinion, but very little evidence is available. This study addressed that dearth with a snapshot of worldwide approaches to appendicitis. Methods: The Association of Italian Surgeons in Europe designed an online survey to assess the current attitude of surgeons globally regarding the management of patients with acute appendicitis during the pandemic. Questions were divided into baseline information, hospital organization and screening, personal protective equipment, management and surgical approach, and patient presentation before versus during the pandemic. Results: Of 744 answers, 709 (from 66 countries) were complete and were included in the analysis. Most hospitals were treating both patients with and those without COVID. There was variation in screening indications and modality used, with chest X-ray plus molecular testing (PCR) being the commonest (19\ub78 per cent). Conservative management of complicated and uncomplicated appendicitis was used by 6\ub76 and 2\ub74 per cent respectively before, but 23\ub77 and 5\ub73 per cent, during the pandemic (both P < 0\ub7001). One-third changed their approach from laparoscopic to open surgery owing to the popular (but evidence-lacking) advice from expert groups during the initial phase of the pandemic. No agreement on how to filter surgical smoke plume during laparoscopy was identified. There was an overall reduction in the number of patients admitted with appendicitis and one-third felt that patients who did present had more severe appendicitis than they usually observe. Conclusion: Conservative management of mild appendicitis has been possible during the pandemic. The fact that some surgeons switched to open appendicectomy may reflect the poor guidelines that emanated in the early phase of SARS-CoV-2