Ultra-sensitive surface absorption spectroscopy using sub-wavelength diameter optical fibers

The guided modes of sub-wavelength diameter air-clad optical fibers exhibit a pronounced evanescent field. The absorption of particles on the fiber surface is therefore readily detected via the fiber transmission. We show that the resulting absorption for a given surface coverage can be orders of magnitude higher than for conventional surface spectroscopy. As a demonstration, we present measurements on sub-monolayers of 3,4,9,10-perylene-tetracarboxylic dianhydride (PTCDA) molecules at ambient conditions, revealing the agglomeration dynamics on a second to minutes timescale.Comment: 4 pages, Fig.1a corrected y-axis, p.2 minor text changes to facilitate the understanding of eq. 4 and

Comparison of trace metal bioavailabilities in European coastal waters using mussels from Mytilus edulis

Mussels from Mytilus edulis complex were used as biomonitors of the trace metals Fe, Mn, Pb, Zn, and Cu at 17 sampling sites to assess the relative bioavailability of metals in coastal waters around the European continent. Because accumulated metal concentrations in a given area can differ temporally, data were corrected for the effect of season before large-scale spatial comparisons were made. The highest concentration of Fe was noted in the North Sea and of Mn in the Baltic. Increased tissue concentrations of Pb were recorded in the mussels from the Bay of Biscay and the Baltic Sea. Low concentrations of metals were determined in the mussels from the Mediterranean Sea and the Northern Baltic. Relatively low geographic variations of Cu and Zn indicate that mussels are able to partially regulate accumulated body concentrations, which means Cu and Zn are, to some extent, independent of environmental concentrations

Development of the Otolith in Embryonic Fishes with Special Reference to the Toadfish, Opsanus Tau

The development of the saccular otolith and the otolithic membrane was studied in the toadfish (Opsanus tau) using scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Development of the saccular otolith and its otolithic membrane in Opsanus begins with the formation of the primordia in embryos of 17-20 somite age. Calcification of the primordia begins shortly afterwards, although increased calcium layering and formation of the otolithic membrane corresponds to the development of a group of cells lying peripheral to the developing sensory epithelium. These cells contain an abundance of rough endoplasmic reticulum

The liquid-vapor interface of the restricted primitive model of ionic fluids from a density functional approach

We investigate the liquid-vapor interface of the restricted primitive model for an ionic fluid using a density functional approach. The applied theory includes the electrostatic contribution to the free energy functional arising from the bulk energy equation of state and the mean spherical approximation for a restricted primitive model, as well as the associative contribution, due to the formation of pairs of ions. We compare the density profiles and the values of the surface tension with previous theoretical approaches.Comment: 12 pages, 8 figure

Kikuchi ultrafast nanodiffraction in four-dimensional electron microscopy

Coherent atomic motions in materials can be revealed using time-resolved X-ray and electron Bragg diffraction. Because of the size of the beam used, typically on the micron scale, the detection of nanoscale propagating waves in extended structures hitherto has not been reported. For elastic waves of complex motions, Bragg intensities contain all polarizations and they are not straightforward to disentangle. Here, we introduce Kikuchi diffraction dynamics, using convergent-beam geometry in an ultrafast electron microscope, to selectively probe propagating transverse elastic waves with nanoscale resolution. It is shown that Kikuchi band shifts, which are sensitive only to the tilting of atomic planes, reveal the resonance oscillations, unit cell angular amplitudes, and the polarization directions. For silicon, the observed wave packet temporal envelope (resonance frequency of 33 GHz), the out-of-phase temporal behavior of Kikuchi's edges, and the magnitude of angular amplitude (0.3 mrad) and polarization [011] elucidate the nature of the motion: one that preserves the mass density (i.e., no compression or expansion) but leads to sliding of planes in the antisymmetric shear eigenmode of the elastic waveguide. As such, the method of Kikuchi diffraction dynamics, which is unique to electron imaging, can be used to characterize the atomic motions of propagating waves and their interactions with interfaces, defects, and grain boundaries at the nanoscale

The dynamical equivalence of modified gravity revisited

We revisit the dynamical equivalence between different representations of vacuum modified gravity models in view of Legendre transformations. The equivalence is discussed for both bulk and boundary space, by including in our analysis the relevant Gibbons-Hawking terms. In the f(R) case, the Legendre transformed action coincides with the usual Einstein frame one. We then re-express the R+f(G) action, where G is the Gauss-Bonnet term, as a second order theory with a new set of field variables, four tensor fields and one scalar and study its dynamics. For completeness, we also calculate the conformal transformation of the full Jordan frame R+f(G) action. All the appropriate Gibbons-Hawking terms are calculated explicitly.Comment: 17 pages; v3: Revised version. New comments added in Sections 3 & 5. New results added in Section 6. Version to appear in Class. Quantum Gravit

The Geometric Growth of M&S Education: Pushing Forward, Pushing Outward

M&S education is experiencing a geometric growth that is placing it front and center as a discipline and as an interdisciplinary tool. This article discusses the evolution of the discipline of M&S. It answers: Why has M&S education experienced a forward and outward growth? What is it that makes this discipline unique? What is the current state of M&S education

Globally maximal timelike geodesics in static spherically symmetric spacetimes: radial geodesics in static spacetimes and arbitrary geodesic curves in ultrastatic spacetimes

This work deals with intersection points: conjugate points and cut points, of timelike geodesics emanating from a common initial point in special spacetimes. The paper contains three results. First, it is shown that radial timelike geodesics in static spherically symmetric spacetimes are globally maximal (have no cut points) in adequate domains. Second, in one of ultrastatic spherically symmetric spacetimes, Morris--Thorne wormhole, it is found which geodesics have cut points (and these must coincide with conjugate points) and which ones are globally maximal on their entire segments. This result, concerning all timelike geodesics of the wormhole, is the core of the work. The third outcome deals with the astonishing feature of all ultrastatic spacetimes: they provide a coordinate system which faithfully imitates the dynamical properties of the inertial reference frame. We precisely formulate these similarities.Comment: 16 pages, 1 figur

Philosophy and the Integrity of the Person: The Phenomenology of Robert Sokolowski

This chapter offers an overview of the philosophy of Robert S. Sokolowski with a focus on his account of what philosophy is, how philosophy arises out of pre-philosophical life, and how it is related back to pre-philosophical life. It also situates Sokolowsk’s achievements in articulating the relationship between Husserlian phenomenology and modern and pre-modern styles of philosophizing

Theory for the ultrafast ablation of graphite films

The physical mechanisms for damage formation in graphite films induced by femtosecond laser pulses are analyzed using a microscopic electronic theory. We describe the nonequilibrium dynamics of electrons and lattice by performing molecular dynamics simulations on time-dependent potential energy surfaces. We show that graphite has the unique property of exhibiting two distinct laser induced structural instabilities. For high absorbed energies (> 3.3 eV/atom) we find nonequilibrium melting followed by fast evaporation. For low intensities above the damage threshold (> 2.0 eV/atom) ablation occurs via removal of intact graphite sheets.Comment: 5 pages RevTeX, 3 PostScript figures, submitted to Phys. Re