Rejected axioms for the “nonsense-logic” W and the k-valued logic of Sobociński

In this paper rejection systems for the “nonsense-logic” W and the k-valued implicational-negational sentential calculi of Sobociński are given. Considered systems consist of computable sets of rejected axioms and only one rejection rule: the rejection version of detachment rule

Separatystyczna republika Abchazji – państwowość bez uznania międzynarodowego

Publikacja stanowi wybór tekstów prezentowanych w ramach Ogólnopolskiej Konferencji Naukowej „Państwo w państwie? Terytoria autonomiczne, państwa nieuznawane i ruchy separatystyczne w przestrzeni międzynarodowej” (Łódź 2014). Jak pisze recenzent książki, dr hab. Łukasz Donaj: „Państwa są wciąż podstawowymi jednostkami organizacji świata, a przez stulecia były właściwie jedynymi uczestnikami w stosunkach międzynarodowych. W dalszym ciągu ich rola w stosunkach międzynarodowych jest dominująca, chociaż niewątpliwie widoczne są objawy osłabienia. Obecnie coraz wyraźniej zauważane są procesy ewolucji tradycyjnej roli państwa w stosunkach międzynarodowych. Państwo, będące specyficzną formą organizacji życia społecznego, stara się przystosować do zmian zachodzących w jego wnętrzu i w środowisku”

Refutation systems for a system of nonsense-logic

In the paper rejection systems for a system of nonsense-logic are investigated. The first rejection system consists of four rejected axioms and only one rejection rule the rule of rejection by detachment. The second one consists of one rejected axiom and two rejection rules: the rule of rejection by detachment and the rule of rejection by substitution. The aim of the paper is to present also a proof of Ł-decidability for the considered systems

CEDAW and Treaty Compliance: Promoting Access to Modern Contraception

Modern contraception is widely recognized as a crucial component of family planning services and is recognized as a reproductive right under international human rights law. However, unmet need for contraception remains high, as many women in the developing world lack access to family planning services. This Note examines the role of the Committee on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) and its powers as a treaty monitoring body in increasing access to modern contraception. Drawing on empirical research, the example of CEDAW\u27s influence on abortion rights, and the domestic politics theory of treaty compliance, this Note argues that, under certain conditions, CEDAW can effectively pressure member states to reduce unmet need for contraception by mobilizing domestic actors to influence national policies, laws, and investments aimed at increasing access to contraception. This Note presents specific CEDAW enforcement mechanisms that are particularly effective and argues that CEDAW should focus its attention on two countries in particular--Sierra Leone and Haiti

Extending Power Series Methods for the Hodgkin-Huxley Equations, Including Sensitive Dependence

A neural cell or neuron is the basic building block of the brain and transmits information to other neurons. This paper demonstrates the complicated dynamics of the neuron through a numerical study of the Hodgkin-Huxley differential equations that model the ionic mechanisms of the neuron: slight changes in parameter values and inputted electrical impulses can lead to very different (unexpected) results. The methods and ideas developed for the ordinary differential equations are extended to partial differential equations for Hodgkin-Huxley networks of neurons in one, two and three dimensions

Carbon mitigation from agroforestry in salinized low rainfall farmland landscapes

Efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions have become a global priority and the land sector can contribute significantly to achieving this via a range of mitigation strategies such as the biosequestration of carbon and substitution of fossil fuels through bioenergy. However, the implementation of land sector mitigation is constrained by several uncertainties and knowledge gaps particularly within low rainfall (300 to 400 mm yr-1) farmland environments. This thesis examines aspects of land sector mitigation through reforestation systems integrated into dryland (300 to 400 mm yr-1) farming systems in Western Australia. The uncertainties that are examined in this thesis include (a) estimation of tree root carbon storage, (b) exploring whether carbon mitigation can be achieved through new agroforestry systems that reduce competitive effects and (c) assessing the sustainability of these new systems in terms of nutrient removal. Estimates of below ground biomass pools are critical to establishing carbon fluxes on regional scales which can then be applied in global modeling of climate change mitigation strategies. A new methodology for tree below-ground biomass estimation was developed, including a purpose-designed coring machine. Monte Carlo simulation was used to assess the accuracy of a range of sampling regimes through estimates of uncertainty (precision) and bias (error) and these sampling methods were subsequently used to develop allometric relationships to estimate the carbon mitigation potential of tree phases integrated into agricultural systems. The implications of integrating tree phases into agricultural systems and the effects of this on the sustainability of existing farming systems were investigated. This included an assessment of potential land use synergies targeting abandoned or marginal land for multiple land use outcomes via landscape rehabilitation and carbon mitigation. The integration of short tree phases (3 years) into low rainfall salinized farmland for the purpose of soil salinity amelioration was shown to have additive environmental benefits as a potential source of biomass feedstock for renewable energy. Allometric relationships were developed for three candidate species (Eucalyptus globulus, E. occidentalis and Pinus radiata) and their carbon storage was assessed based on whole tree destructive sampling, including below ground sampling. The biomass production for different planting density and landscape placement strategies, and for different tree components was estimated to assist in future development of harvesting systems and management of nutrient removal. It was shown that tree phases inserted into farming systems for the purpose of ground water control could potentially serve as a biomass feedstock for renewable energy, either bioenergy for power generation or as feedstock for lignocellulosic (second generation) biofuel, thus offsetting the use of non-renewable fossil fuel. The sustainability of these systems was investigated to determine their impact on current farming systems and the potential removal of nutrients. Harvesting regimes that remove woody biomass while retaining leaves on site are likely to be more sustainable from a nutrient management perspective. A nutrient assimilation index was developed for these short rotation tree crop systems to aid the management of nutrient removal. The removal of nutrients via a short (3 year) tree phase was less than the cereal cropping systems currently in place and had potential to retrieve leached nutrients from deeper in the soil profile. Planting of tree and shrub species in severely salinized abandoned farmland was shown to be a potential avenue for carbon mitigation, and a resultant positive land use change. With species selection, management of stand density and landscape position, tree growth and carbon sequestration can be manipulated with rates of sequestration of 1.1 to 2.3 t ha-1 yr-1 following 8 years growth in the highly saline environment. A combination of shrub (Atriplex nummularia) and tree (Eucalyptus occidentalis) species were used to mimic natural saline wetland succession and were successful in rehabilitating degraded farmland while effectively sequestering carbon and mitigating atmospheric CO2. The challenge remains to integrate these mitigation initiatives and systems into existing economic and social environments and for them to be accepted as typical economic activities. This is not only a challenge from the scientific view point, but encompasses social and political aspects which often makes its application difficult

Test-Driven Development as a tool to optimize the JEE programming

The article is about the benefits of using the Test-Driven Development methodology. Tests were carried out on the author's application based on Java Enterprise Edition platform. The investigated methodology was compared with the standard approach to writing tests

The influence of constructional damping of mounting on the Mecynorrhina Torquata beetle wing-based frame vibrations

This paper presents the experimental study and numerical simulation on the influence of the constructional damping of mounting on the beetle wing-based frame vibrations. The physical model consist of four parts arranged horizontally and is based on the main structure of wing venation. The damping vibration was modelled by placing individual hyper viscous rotary dampers supports. The numerical modelling results and the experimental data were compared

Constructional damping mounting influence on T type frame vibrations

The study presents a formulation and solution for the problem of damped vibration in T-type frame. The physical model took into consideration the energy dissipation in a vibrating frame as a result of constructional damping in the points of the frame mounting and the supports. As the solution of the problem an influence of constructional damping and system geometry changes on first three eigenvalues of the frame are shown (damped frequencies and vibration amplitude decay rates)