Nutritional profile of newborns with microcephaly and factors associated with worse outcomes

OBJECTIVE: To describe the nutritional profile of newborns with microcephaly and factors associated with worse outcomes during the first 14 days of life. METHODS: This investigation is a longitudinal, descriptive study carried out in 21 full-term neonates exposed vertically to the Zika virus and hospitalized in a neonatal intensive care unit from February to September 2016. Patients receiving parenteral nutrition were excluded. Data analysis was performed using a generalized estimating equation model and Student’s t-test to evaluate the association between worsening weight-for-age z-scores and independent clinical, sociodemographic and nutritional variables during hospitalization, with po0.05 indicating significance. RESULTS: During hospitalization, there was a decrease in the mean values of the weight-for-age z-scores. The factors associated with worse nutritional outcomes were symptomatic exposure to the Zika virus, low maternal schooling, absence of maternal income and consumption of infant formula (po0.05). Calcification and severe microcephaly were also associated with poor nutritional outcomes. Energy and macronutrient consumption remained below the recommendations and had an upward trend during hospitalization. CONCLUSION: The presence of cerebral calcification, the severity of microcephaly and symptomatic maternal exposure to Zika virus affected the nutritional status of newborns. In terms of nutritional factors, human milk intake had a positive impact, reducing weight loss in the first days of life. Other known factors, such as income and maternal schooling, were still associated with a poor nutritional status

Baixa estatura em crianças nascidas com muito baixo peso entre as idades de 4 a 8 anos

Introdução: O crescimento em recém-nascidos de muito baixo peso ao nascer tem sido associado com anormalidades futuras no desenvolvimento neurológico e doenças cardiovasculares e metabólicas na vida adulta. Objetivo: Avaliar o crescimento de crianças com idades entre 4 e 8 anos acompanhados em ambulatório de seguimento e que tinham muito baixo peso ao nascer. Métodos: Foram avaliadas 87 crianças nascidas com muito baixo peso (33 pequenas e 54 adequadas para a idade gestacional). Foi calculado o índice de massa corporal, assim como os escores-Z de peso para idade e gênero; a idade óssea foi determinada através da radiografia do punho esquerdo. O ponto de corte usado para calcular a prevalência de baixa estatura para idade e gênero foi – 2 desvios padrão da média na curva de referência do National Center for Health Statistics. Resultados: A prevalência de baixa estatura foi 4,6% (N 4/87, 95% IC 3,6–5,4). Índice de massa corporal baixo foi encontrado em 23% das crianças (20/87). Idade óssea um ano menor em relação à idade cronológica foi encontrada em 43,7 % das crianças (38/87). Conclusão: Este estudo mostrou que algumas crianças nascidas prematuras e de muito baixo peso podem manter baixa estatura e baixo índice de massa corporal até a idade pré-escolar e escolar, indicando que o acompanhamento após a alta da unidade deve ser mantido durante a infância.Palavras-chaves: Crescimento. Prematuro. Muito Baixo Peso.Abstract Introduction: Growth in newborns of very low birth weight has been associated with future abnormalities in the neurological development as well as in cardiovascular and metabolic diseases in the adulthood. Objective: To evaluate the growth of children with four to eight years of age that were born with very low birth weight. Methods: 87 children with very low birth weight were studied (33 small babies and 54 with appropriate size for their gestational age). The body mass index was calculated as well as the Z-scores for weight to age and gender. Bone age was determined through the X-ray of the left wrist. The cutoff point used for calculating the prevalence of short stature to age and sex was a standard deviation of two below the mean from the National Center of Health Statistics growth reference chart. Results: The prevalence of short stature was 4.6% (N 4/87, 95% CI 3.6–5.4). Low body mass index was found in 23% of the children (20/87). 43.7 % of the children (38/87) had a bone age one year below the chronological age. Conclusion: This study showed that some children who are born prematurely may have short stature and low body mass index until preschool and school ages. This shows that the follow up of these children after leaving hospital should be done during childhood.Keywords: Growth. Premature. Very Low Birth Weigh

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Avaliação do gasto energético e da utilização dos macronutrientes pelos recém-nascidos pré-termo alimentados com leite humano ou fórmula láctea: ensaio clínico crossover

Submitted by Luis Guilherme Macena ([email protected]) on 2013-04-04T13:45:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseDoutoradoFernandaVMSoares.pdf: 844041 bytes, checksum: 0b61884cef90fb7216406a43dca89637 (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2013-04-04T13:45:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseDoutoradoFernandaVMSoares.pdf: 844041 bytes, checksum: 0b61884cef90fb7216406a43dca89637 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Fernandes Figueira. Departamento de Ensino. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde da Criança e da Mulher. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BrasilINTRODUÇÃO: Uma questão ainda não resolvida na literatura é o gasto energético dos recém-nascidos pré-termo e a repercussão deste gasto no ganho de peso. Vários fatores inerentes à prematuridade podem influenciar o gasto energético, incluindo o tipo de leite ofertado. Na ausência do leite materno tem-se utilizado o leite humano de doadoras ou fórmula láctea para pré-termo. OBJETIVO: Comparar o gasto energético, ajustado pela densidade calórica, dos recém-nascidos de muito baixo peso ao nascer alimentados com leite humano ou fórmula láctea. MÉTODO: Foi realizado um ensaio clínico crossover com 29 recém-nascidos de muito baixo peso ao nascer, sem má-formação congênita e broncodisplasia pulmonar, em ar ambiente, recebendo dieta plena por sonda. Os recém-nascidos foram aleatoriamente designados para receber um tipo de leite durante um período de 24 horas seguido de 24 horas do outro tipo de leite. Após cada período de 24 horas foi realizada a calorimetria indireta para avaliar o gasto energético destes bebês 30 minutos antes, 30 minutos durante e 30 minutos após a dieta. O valor calórico total e dos macronutrientes do leite humano de doadoras foram calculados individualmente no aparelho MilkoScan Minor. RESULTADOS: A média do ganho de peso dos recém-nascidos até o momento do exame, que ocorreu cerca de 3 semanas após o nascimento, foi de 6,6g/Kg/dia. Neste mesmo período houve uma piora do estado nutricional, onde o Zscore de -1,0 no nascimento foi para -1,9. Em relação ao gasto energético ajustado para densidade calórica verificamos que o leite humano de doadoras foi significativamente maior do que a fórmula láctea em todos os momentos, sendo a média total 1,04 ± 0,27 versus 0,81 ± 0,11, valor de p <0,01. Entretanto, ao analisarmos um subgrupo com os recém-nascidos que receberam leite humano de doadoras fortificado, com o valor superior a 60 Kcal/100 ml, não houve diferença estatística (0,85 ± 0,12 versus 0,81 ± 0,07, valor de p=0,36). A média do valor calórico do leite humano foi de 58,9 Kcal/100 ml e a média do valor calórico da fórmula láctea utilizada foi de 81,4 Kcal/100 ml CONCLUSÃO: No nosso estudo, a fórmula láctea apresentou uma melhor resposta metabólica do que o leite humano de doadoras. Entretanto, quando o leite humano apresentar um valor calórico maior, esta diferença tende a desaparecer, o que estimula a sua prática e reforça a necessidade de um maior controle e busca por um leite humano de maior valor calórico.INTRODUCTION: A question not yet resolved in scientific field is the energy expenditure of the newborn preterm and the impact of this energy expenditure in weight gain. Several factors inherent to prematurity may influence energy expenditure, including the type of milk offered. In the absence of mother breast milk it has been used the milk of human donor or milk formula for preterm. OBJECTIVE: To compare the energy expenditure, adjusted for caloric density, of the very low birth weight infants fed with human milk or formula milk. METHODS: A crossover trial was conducted with 29 very low birth weight infants, with no congenital malformation or bronchopulmonary dysplasia, in ambient air, fed by a enteral feeding. The newborns were randomly assigned to receive one type of milk during a period of 24 hours followed by 24 hours with the other milk. After each period of 24 hours was carried out indirect calorimetry to assess energy expenditure of these infants 30 minutes before, 30 minutes during and 30 minutes after the diet. The total caloric value and of the macronutrients of the donor human milk were calculated individually for the device MilkoScan Minor. RESULTS: The average weight gain of newborns until the time of exam, which occurred about 3 weeks after birth was 6.6 g / kg / day. In this same period there was a worsening of nutritional status, where the Zscore at birth dropped from -1.0 to -1.9. In regard to energy expenditure adjusted for caloric density, we found that the donor’s human milk was significantly higher than the formula milk at all times, being the total average 1.04 ± 0.27 versus 0.81 ± 0.11, value p <0.01. However, when analyzing a subgroup with newborns who received donor human milk fortified, with a caloric value greater than 60 ml Kcal/100, there is no statistical difference (0.85 ± 0.12 versus 0.81 ± 0.07, p = 0.36). The average caloric value of human milk was 58.9 ml Kcal/100 and the average caloric value of milk formula used was 81.4 ml Kcal/100 CONCLUSION: In our study, the formula milk had a better metabolic response than donors' human milk. However, when the human milk have a higher caloric value this difference tends to disappear, which encourages its adoption and reinforces the need for greater control and a search for a human milk of higher caloric value as well to prioritize it for newborns more vulnerable to nutritional deficits

INFLUÊNCIA DA DILUIÇÃO, DO TEMPO E DA TEMPERATURA PÓS-PREPARO NA OSMOLALIDADE DAS FÓRMULAS LÁCTEAS OFERECIDAS A RECÉM-NASCIDOS

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar a influência da diluição, o tempo e a temperatura pós-preparo na osmolalidade das fórmulas lácteas oferecidas a recém-nascidos (RN). Métodos: Estudo experimental e descritivo com uma amostra de diferentes fórmulas lácteas neonatais para verificar a osmolalidade do leite segundo a diluição, o tempo e a temperatura pós-preparo. Foram analisadas sete fórmulas lácteas neonatais nos seguintes tempos: imediatamente (até 5 minutos) após o preparo; 20 e 40 minutos após o preparo; de hora em hora, até completar 8 h; e após 12 e 24 h de preparo. As amostras foram avaliadas após o preparo em temperatura ambiente e depois da refrigeração. Foram elaboradas curvas de osmolalidade com a média das triplicatas de cada amostra de leite. O cálculo da osmolalidade foi aferido no Osmômetro digital A+ da Advanced Instruments, modelo 3.320. Resultados: O tempo e a temperatura em que os leites ficaram submetidos após o preparo não ultrapassaram o ponto de corte de segurança da osmolalidade na diluição 1:30 em nenhum dos tipos de leite analisados. Na diluição 1:25 a fórmula láctea que possui prebióticos em sua composição ultrapassou o limite após 4 h de preparo. Conclusões: Os leites testados não ultrapassaram o ponto de corte de 450 mOsm/kg (aproximadamente 400 mOsm/L), indicado como seguro pela Academia Americana de Pediatria (AAP) na diluição preconizada pelos fabricantes. É necessário conhecer os fatores que podem ou não contribuir com o aumento da osmolalidade, afim de se estabelecer condutas seguras e de qualidade para os RN, seguindo protocolos baseados em evidências científicas