Taitaja2014-tapahtuman verkkosuunnitelma

Opinnäytetyön tavoitteena oli laatia verkkosuunnitelma Taitaja2014-tapahtumaan, mikä järjestetään Lahden Messukeskuksessa. Verkkosuunnitelman pohjalta voidaan tehdä tietoverkon toteuttamiseen tarvittavat laite- ja tarvikehankinnat, kaapelointi, verkon aktiivilaitteiden sijoittaminen ja konfigurointi. Tietoverkko koostuu muun muassa seuraavista aktiivilaitteista: kytkimistä, reitittimistä ja palomuureista. Kytkin yhdistää siihen kytketyt laitteet toisiinsa, ja kytkimen tehtävänä on ottaa vastaan segmentistä tulevia kehyksiä, tallentaa kehykset muistiinsa ja lähettää ne eteenpäin oikeaan segmenttiin. Reitittimeen voidaan kytkeä muita laitteita, ja reitittimen tehtävänä on reitittää eli ohjata liikennettä eri verkkojen välillä. Palomuuri on laite tai ohjelmisto, jolla voidaan estää ulkoverkosta tulevat hyökkäykset yrityksen tai kotikäyttäjän sisäverkkoon joko käyttämällä pakettisuodatinta tai sovellussiltaa. Verkkosuunnittelu koostuu tarpeiden kartoittamisesta, ennakoimisesta eli laajennusvarasta ja senhetkisten hyvien tapojen ja standardien vaatimusten täyttämisestä. Suunnittelussa voidaan käyttää hyväksi monentyyppisiä suunnitteluprosesseja, kuten hanke-, luonnos- ja toteutussuunnittelua, joka soveltuu yleiskaapelointiin. Taitaja2014-tapahtumassa tulee olemaan noin 50 lajia, joihin tarvitaan toimitsijoille ja kilpailijoiden käyttöön nykykäsityksen mukaan 138 tietokonetta. Verkkokapasiteetti on suunniteltu 276 tietokoneelle, jotta jokaista oikeaa tarvetta varten olisi yksi varapaikka. Verkkoliikenne jaetaan seitsemään eri verkkoon käyttämällä kytkimissä VLAN:ja, jotka määritellään porttikohtaisesti tarpeen mukaan ja kytkimien oikeista porteista vedetään lajipisteisiin oikeisiin käyttäjiin. Taitaja2014-tapahtuman runkoverkon toteuttamiseen aktiivilaitteita tarvitaan 18 kytkintä ja 1 varajärjestelmällä varmistettu palomuuri ja reititin sekä 803 metriä CAT6-parikaapelia. WLAN-verkkoja tarvitaan ainakin kaksi, yleisölle ja toimitsijoille omat.The aim of this Bachelor’s thesis was to draw up an information network plan for the Taitaja2014 event, which is held in the Lahti Messukeskus. On the basis of the information network plan, network equipment and supplies acquisitions, cabling and active network device placement and configuration can be carried out. Among other things, an information network consists of the following active devices: switches, routers, and firewalls. The devices are connected to each other by a switch. The function of a switch is to receive frames from network segments, store the frames in its memory and send them forward to the right network segments. The function of a router is to route, direct, traffic between networks. A firewall is a device or a piece of software that can prevent external network attacks within a company or a home user's network by using either packet filtering or application layer filtering. Designing a network consists of mapping the needs, anticipating the need for extension and meeting current best practices and the requirements of standards. In designing, many kinds of designing processes can be used, such as project plan, sketch design, and detailed design, which is suitable for general cabling. The Taitaja2014 event is going to have about 50 events. In these events, it is anticipated that the officials and competitors will need 138 computers. Network capacity is designed for 276 computers, so that for each computer there will be one in reserve. Network traffic is divided into seven networks with VLAN using switches. The VLANs are defined to a switch per port as required, and from each switch there is a cable wired to event point from the appropriate ports to the appropriate user. To implement the Taitaja2014 event network for active devices there is a need for 18 switches, one back-up system confirmed firewall / router and 803 meters of CAT6 twisted-pair cable. There is a need for at least two separate WLANs, one for the public and one for the officials

Qualitative Geographies in Digital Texts:Representing historical spatial identities in the Lake District

Techniques for extracting place names (toponyms) from texts and using them to conduct analyses of the geographies within the texts are becoming reasonably well established. These are generally referred to as Geographical Text Analysis (GTA) and allow us to ask questions about the geographies within a corpus. The limitation of this approach is that the geographies that can be uncovered are solely associated with toponyms for which a coordinate-based location can be assigned. While this method is valuable, it is effectively a quantitative representation of the geographies associated with named places. Other representations of geography are ignored. To complement GTA, we need to develop techniques that are capable of representing the more qualitative representations of geography that are found within texts. Drawing on the Corpus of Lake District Writing, this paper presents some initial ideas about how this can be achieved, primarily by using techniques from corpus linguistics

Proto-Planetary Disk Chemistry Recorded by D-Rich Organic Radicals in Carbonaceous Chondrites

Insoluble organic matter (IOM) in primitive carbonaceous meteorites has preserved its chemical composition and isotopic heterogeneity since the solar system formed ~4.567 billion years ago. We have identified the carrier moieties of isotopically anomalous hydrogen in IOM isolated from the Orgueil carbonaceous chondrite. Data from high spatial resolution, quantitative isotopic NanoSIMS mapping of Orgueil IOM combined with data from electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy reveals that organic radicals hold all the deuterium excess (relative to the bulk IOM) in distinct, micrometer-sized, D-rich hotspots. Taken together with previous work, the results indicate that an isotopic exchange reaction took place between pre-existing organic compounds characterized by low D/H ratios and D-rich gaseous molecules, such as H_2D^+ or HD_2^+. This exchange reaction most likely took place in the diffuse outer regions of the proto-planetary disk around the young Sun, offering a model that reconciles meteoritic and cometary isotopic compositions of organic molecules

Chemical Mapping of Proterozoic Organic Matter at Sub-Micron Spatial Resolution

We have used a NanoSIMS ion microprobe to map sub-micron-scale distributions of carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, silicon, and oxygen in organic microfossils and laminae from the approximately 0.85 Ga Bitter Springs Formation of Australia. The data provide clues about the original chemistry of the microfossils, the silicification process, and biosignatures of specific microorganisms and microbial communities. Chemical maps of fossil unicells and filaments reveal distinct wall-and sheath-like structures enriched in C, N and S, consistent with their accepted biological origin. Surprisingly, organic laminae, previously considered to be amorphous, also exhibit filamentous and apparently compressed spheroidal structures defined by strong enrichments in C, N and S. By analogy to data from the well-preserved microfossils, these structures are interpreted as being of biological origin, most likely representing densely packed remnants of microbial mats. Because the preponderance of organic matter in Precambrian sediments is similarly "amorphous," our findings open a large body of generally neglected material to in situ structural, chemical, and isotopic study. Our results also offer new criteria for assessing biogenicity of problematic kerogenous materials and thus can be applied to assessments of poorly preserved or fragmentary organic residues in early Archean sediments and any that might occur in meteorites or other extraterrestrial samples

NanoSIMS opens a New Window for Deciphering Organic Matter in Terrestrial and Extraterrestrial Samples

Recognition of the earliest morphological or chemical evidence of terrestrial life has proved to be challenging, as organic matter in ancient rocks is commonly fragmentary and difficult to distinguish from abiotically-produced materials (Schopf, 1993; Van Zuilen et al., 2002; Altermann & Kazmierczak, 2003; Cady et al., 2003; Brasier et al., 2002, 2004, 2005; Hofmann, 2004; Skrzypczak et al., 2004, 2005). Yet, the ability to identify remnants of earliest life is critical to our understanding of the timing of life's origin on earth, the nature of earliest terrestrial life, and recognition of potential remnants of microbial life that might occur in extraterrestrial materials. The search for earliest life on Earth now extends to early Archean organic remains; these tend to be very poorly preserved and considerably more difficult to interpret than the delicately permineralized microfossils known from many Proterozoic deposits. Thus, recent efforts have been directed toward finding biosignatures that can help distinguish fragmentary remnants of ancient microbes from either pseudofossils or abiotic organic materials that may have formed hydrothermally or in extraterrestrial processes (House et al., 2000; Boyce et al., 2001; Kudryavtsev et al., 2001; Schopf, 2002; Schopf et al., 2002, 2005a,b; Cady et al., 2003; Garc a-Ruiz et al., 2003; Hofmann, 2004; Brasier et al., 2005; Rushdi and Simoneit, 2005; Skrzypczak et al., 2005). An exciting area of biosignature research involves the developing technology of NanoSIMS. NanoSIMS is secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) for ultrafine feature, elemental and isotopic analysis. Its resolution approaches 0.05 micrometers for element mapping, which is 10-50 times finer than that attainable with conventional SIMS or electron microprobes. Consequently, NanoSIMS has the potential to reveal previously unknown, chemical and structural characteristics of organic matter preserved in geologic materials. Robert et al. (2005) were the first to combine NanoSIMS element maps with optical microscopic imagery in an effort to develop a new method for assessing biogenicity. They showed that the ability to simultaneously map the distribution of organic elements [such as carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and sulfur (S)] and compare those element distributions with optically recognizable, cellularly preserved fossils could provide significant new insights into the origin of organic materials in ancient sediments. This chapter details a recent NanoSIMS study which was designed to acquire new data relevant to establishing critical biosignatures (Oehler et al., 2006a-c). In this study, NanoSIMS was used to characterize element distributions of spheroidal and filamentous microfossils and associated organic laminae in chert from the approx. 0.85 billion year old (Ga) Bitter Springs Formation of Australia. Previous work established preservation of a diverse microbiota in the Bitter Springs Formation (Schopf, 1968; Schopf and Blacic, 1971), and there is no dispute within the scientific community regarding the biogenicity of any of the Bitter Springs structures evaluated in this new study. Thus, the NanoSIMS results described below provide new insight into - and can be used as a guide for assessing - the origin of less well understood organic materials that may occur in early Archean samples and in meteorites or other extraterrestrial samples

Uncovering Environmental Change in the English Lake District:Using Computational Techniques to Trace Shifting Practice in the Historical Documentation of Flora

There is a lack of concrete knowledge about floristic change in Britain before the mid-twentieth century. Relevant evidence is available, but it is principally contained in disparate historical sources, and this is a major impediment to further research. In this article we demonstrate how these sources can be efficiently collated and analysed through the implementation of state-of-the-art computational-linguistic and historical-GIS techniques. We do so through a case study which focuses on the floristic history of the English Lake District. This region has been selected because of its outstanding cultural and environmental value and because it has been extensively and continuously documented since the late seventeenth century. We outline how Natural language processing (NLP) techniques can be integrated with Kew’s Plants of the World Online (POWO) database to enable temporal shifts in plant-naming conventions to be more accurately traced across a heterogeneous corpus of texts published between 1682 and 1904. Through collocate analysis and automated geoparsing techniques, the geographies associated with these plant names is then identified and extracted. Finally, we use geographic information systems (GIS) to demonstrate the potential of this dataset for geo-temporal analysis and for revealing the historical distribution of Lake District flora. In outlining our methodology, this article indicates how the spatial and digital humanities can benefit research both in environmental history and in the environmental sciences more widely

THE ALMA SPECTROSCOPIC SURVEY IN THE HUBBLE ULTRA DEEP FIELD: CONTINUUM NUMBER COUNTS, RESOLVED 1.2 mm EXTRAGALACTIC BACKGROUND, AND PROPERTIES OF THE FAINTEST DUSTY STAR-FORMING GALAXIES

We present an analysis of a deep (1σ = 13 μJy) cosmological 1.2 mm continuum map based on ASPECS, the ALMA Spectroscopic Survey in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field. In the 1 arcmin2 covered by ASPECS we detect nine sources at $\gt 3.5\sigma$ significance at 1.2 mm. Our ALMA-selected sample has a median redshift of $z=1.6\pm 0.4$, with only one galaxy detected at z > 2 within the survey area. This value is significantly lower than that found in millimeter samples selected at a higher flux density cutoff and similar frequencies. Most galaxies have specific star formation rates (SFRs) similar to that of main-sequence galaxies at the same epoch, and we find median values of stellar mass and SFRs of $4.0\times {10}^{10}\ {M}_{\odot }$ and $\sim 40\,{M}_{\odot }$ yr−1, respectively. Using the dust emission as a tracer for the interstellar medium (ISM) mass, we derive depletion times that are typically longer than 300 Myr, and we find molecular gas fractions ranging from ~0.1 to 1.0. As noted by previous studies, these values are lower than those using CO-based ISM estimates by a factor of ~2. The 1 mm number counts (corrected for fidelity and completeness) are in agreement with previous studies that were typically restricted to brighter sources. With our individual detections only, we recover 55% ± 4% of the extragalactic background light (EBL) at 1.2 mm measured by the Planck satellite, and we recover 80% ± 7% of this EBL if we include the bright end of the number counts and additional detections from stacking. The stacked contribution is dominated by galaxies at z\sim 1\mbox{--}2, with stellar masses of (1–3) × 1010 M ${}_{\odot }$. For the first time, we are able to characterize the population of galaxies that dominate the EBL at 1.2 mm

The SCUBA Bright Quasar Survey (SBQS): 850micron observations of the z>4 sample

We present initial results of a new, systematic search for massive star-formation in the host galaxies of the most luminous and probably most massive z>=4 radio-quiet quasars (M(B) 10^13Lsun). A total of 38 z>=4 radio-quiet quasars have been observed at the JCMT using SCUBA at 850microns: 8 were detected (>3sigma) with S(850microns)>~ 10mJy (submillimetre-loud). The new detections almost triple the number of optically selected, submillimetre-loud z>~4 radio-quiet quasars known to date. We include a detailed description of how our quasar sample is defined in terms of radio and optical properties. There is no strong evidence for trends in either detectability or 850microns flux with absolute magnitude, M(B). We find that the weighted mean flux of the undetected sources is 2.0 +/- 0.6mJy, consistent with an earlier estimate of \~3mJy based on more sensitive observations of a sample z>~4 radio-quiet quasars (McMahon et al., 1999). This corresponds to an inferred starformation rate of \~1000Msun/yr, similar to Arp220. The typical starformation timescale for the submillimetre-bright sources is ~1Gyr, 10 times longer than the typical accretion-driven e-folding timescale of ~5x10^7 years. Our 850micron detection of the z=4.4 quasar PSS J1048+4407 when analysed in conjunction with 1.2mm single-dish and interferometric observations suggests that this source is resolved on angular scales of 1-2" (6-12 kpc). In addition, we present a new optical spectrum of this source, identifying it as a broad absorption line (BAL) quasar. The new redshift is outside that covered in a recent CO line search by Guilloteau et al., (1999), highlighting the need for accurate redshifts for the obervation and interpretation of high-redshift line studies.Comment: 16 pages, 11 figures. Accepted by Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Societ