Switching from electron to hole transport in solution-processed organic blend field-effect transistors

Organic electronics became an attractive alternative for practical applications in complementary logic circuits due to the unique features of organic semiconductors such as solution processability and ease of large-area manufacturing. Bulk heterojunctions (BHJ), consisting of a blend of two organic semiconductors of different electronic affinities, allow fabrication of a broad range of devices such as light-emitting transistors, light-emitting diodes, photovoltaics, photodetectors, ambipolar transistors and sensors. In this work, the charge carrier transport of BHJ films in field-effect transistors is switched from electron to hole domination upon processing and post-treatment. Low molecular weight n-type N,N′-bis(n-octyl)-(1,7&1,6)-dicyanoperylene-3,4:9,10-bis(dicarboximide) (PDI8-CN2) was blended with p-type poly[2,5-bis(3-tetradecylthiophene-2-yl)thieno[3,2-b]thiophene] (PBTTT-C14) and deposited by spin-coating to form BHJ films. Systematic investigation of the role of rotation speed, solution temperature, and thermal annealing on thin film morphology was performed using atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and grazing incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering. It has been determined that upon thermal annealing the BHJ morphology is modified from small interconnected PDI8-CN2 crystals uniformly distributed in the polymer fraction to large planar PDI8-CN2 crystal domains on top of the blend film, leading to the switch from electron to hole transport in field-effect transistors

Chiralité sous confinement : contraintes multidimensionnelles dans les matériaux cristaux liquides

The first part of the thesis is devoted to studies of the self-assembled monolayers of discotic liquid crystals by the STM measurements at the liquid/solid interface. For the case of a model H5T molecule the self-assembled monolayers have evidenced both: point and organizational types of chirality, despite of the fact that neither the molecule nor the substrate was chiral. For another molecular system, C-12 - a triphenylene peripherally substituted with azobenzene moieties, self-assemblies bearing the chiral nature were also evidenced. Chirality was induced by formation of six dimers of azobenzene subunits coming from the neighboring molecules, which formed “rosettes” of clockwise or counter-clockwise rotation. For the H5T, the chirality was mediated by classical van der Waals interactions between molecules and between molecules and substrate. In the case of C-12 it was shown that the self-assembly originates from the substrate-mediated hydrogen bonding between the azobenzene moieties of neighboring molecules. The second part of the thesis presents studies of the influence of the 3D confinement on the chirality of the photoactive cholesteric liquid crystal (CLC) droplets. Due to the photo-responsive character of a chiral dopant we were able to modify the cholesteric pitch of the CLC mixture and thus to map the expression of chirality for a varying geometrical confinement parameter: radius-to-pitch. We evidenced a successful control of the droplets structure by UV irradiation and we studied the induced structural changes. In particular, the 3D confinement of a photo-responsive CLC mixture was shown to positively support the helix inversion within the cholesteric droplets.Les résultats décrits dans cette thèse démontrent une relation complexe entre le confinement géométrique de molécules à 2D et les propriétés de chiralité. Il a été démontré qu’une chiralité multimodale peut être observée pour des systèmes non chiraux par le biais du confinement 2D. Les molécules H5T forment, sur Au(111), des domaines pour lesquels deux types de chiralité peuvent être observés. Les études sur le système H5T/Au(111) ont prouvé que des interactions simples, de type van der Waals sont susceptibles de créer des chiralités complexes, ce qui donne un caractère générique a ce type de phénomène. Une autre question importante est l’apparition, pour les molécules C-12, des domaines chiraux induits par des interactions intermoléculaires spécifiques: les liaisons hydrogène entre les groupements azobenzènes de molécules voisines. L’orientation des deux domaines chiraux est déterminée par l’orientation de l’un des deux dimères d’azobenzène stable par rapport à l’Au(111).La seconde partie de la thèse est dédiée à l’étude de l’influence du confinement 3D sur la chiralité de gouttes de cristal liquide cholestérique (CLC). Grâce à la nature photo-sensible du dopant chiral utilisé, nous avons été capables de modifier le pas choléstérique du mélange de CLC et par conséquent de déterminer l’expression de la chiralité pour un ratio rayon/pas choléstérique variable. Nous sommes parvenus à contrôler le pas choléstérique au sein de gouttes par irradiation UV et nous avons étudié les variations structurelles que l’irradiation induite. Nous avons observé que le confinement 3D d’un mélange de CLC photo-sensible a une influence positive sur l’inversion de l’hélice dans la goutte

Chirality under confinement - multidimensional constraints in liquid crystalline materials

The first part of the thesis is devoted to studies of the self-assembled monolayers of discotic liquid crystals by the STM measurements at the liquid/solid interface. For the case of a model H5T molecule the self-assembled monolayers have evidenced both: point and organizational types of chirality, despite of the fact that neither the molecule nor the substrate was chiral. For another molecular system, C-12 - a triphenylene peripherally substituted with azobenzene moieties, self-assemblies bearing the chiral nature were also evidenced. Chirality was induced by formation of six dimers of azobenzene subunits coming from the neighboring molecules, which formed “rosettes” of clockwise or counter-clockwise rotation. For the H5T, the chirality was mediated by classical van der Waals interactions between molecules and between molecules and substrate. In the case of C-12 it was shown that the self-assembly originates from the substrate-mediated hydrogen bonding between the azobenzene moieties of neighboring molecules. The second part of the thesis presents studies of the influence of the 3D confinement on the chirality of the photoactive cholesteric liquid crystal (CLC) droplets. Due to the photo-responsive character of a chiral dopant we were able to modify the cholesteric pitch of the CLC mixture and thus to map the expression of chirality for a varying geometrical confinement parameter: radius-to-pitch. We evidenced a successful control of the droplets structure by UV irradiation and we studied the induced structural changes. In particular, the 3D confinement of a photo-responsive CLC mixture was shown to positively support the helix inversion within the cholesteric droplets

Light-activated helical inversion in cholesteric liquid crystal microdroplets

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2D Self-Assembly Monitored by Hydrogen Bonds for Triphenylene-Based Molecules:a New Role for Azobenzenes

International audienceA hybrid disklike/rodlike molecule comprising central triphenylene core symmetrically substituted with six azobenzene moieties (C-12) has been adsorbed at the 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene/Au(111) interface, revealing the potential of azobenzene moieties for the control of two-dimensional (2D) chiral networks. The C-12, which due to its complex molecular structure possesses a relatively large number of degrees of freedom, surprisingly forms monolayers of only one kind of structure, namely a hexagonal network of large period, 3.5 nm. By combining scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and DFT calculations, we evidence that this specific 2D-ordering is due to cooperative weak hydrogen bonds between neighboring azobenzenes and azobenzene-Au(111) interactions. The crystallographic network is hexagonal, but azobenzene-azobenzene pairing, associated with hydrogen bonding renders the network chiral with a chirality spanning all ranges, from the molecular C-12 configuration, to the configuration of the azobenzene dimers, the rosettelike azobenzene network and the C-12 network orientation on Au(111) rotated by ±8° from the main crystallographic direction Au, depending on the handedness of the molecular network. This chiral 2D system thus paves the way for the formation of macroscopic 2D molecular crystals of unique handedness, if additional enantiomeric chiral dopants can be used

A solvent-free and vacuum-free melt-processing method to fabricate organic semiconducting layers with large crystal size for organic electronic applications

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