Uticaj kočarenja na biocenoze bentosa

Kočarenje predstavlja način ribolova gdje se mrežom povlači po morskom dnu. Ovaj način je u velikoj mjeri zastupljen u otvorenim vodama Crne Gore. Proces kočarenja uzrokuje brojne negativne efekte na morskom dnu kao što su degradacija bentosnih biocenoza i narušavanje strukture supstrata. Korišćenje mreže, koja je obično neselektivna sa morskog dna bivaju zahvaćeni i organizmi koji nemaju komercijanu vrijednost. Značajan dio ulova pripada različitim vrstama beskičmenjaka i ribljoj mlađi, čija veličina ne zadovoljava standarde tržišta, i sve ovo skupa čini nejestivi dio. Ovaj materijal poslije selekcije biva vraćen u more. To doprinosi narušavanju ravnoteže unutar životnih zajednica na morskom dnu. Kočarenje može da dovede do favorizovanja određenih vrsta dvojako. Jedan od načina je eliminisanje prirodnih predatora iz okruženja a drugi način je povećavanjem dostupne količine hrane putem vraćanja u more nejestivog dijela ulova. Kočarenje može dovesti do regresija u livadama Posidonia oceanic. Podizanjem mulja sa morskog dna stvaraju se veliki oblaci suspendovanih čestica u vodenom stubu, dovode do zamućenja vode tako da količina svjetlosti koja dopire do dna biva značajno smanjena. Ove čestice se talože na listovima morskih cvjetnica i usporavaju njihovu produkciju. Jedan od načina ugrožavanja morskih cvjetnica putem kočarenja je i čupanje rizoma iz podloge koje se dečava prilikom povlačenja mreže po morskom dnu. Stepen uticaja zavisi u jednu ruku od fizičkih karakteristika opreme (material i težina) i uslova pod kojima se koristi (brzina kretanja i vrijeme trajnja) i u drugu ruku od vrste sedimenta i bentosne zajednice koja je na njemu razvijena. Rezultati prikazani u radu su nastali kao dio projekta “Biološki resursi, jestivi i nejestivi, u kočarskom ribolovu na crnogorskom primorju” zbog toga što na datom prostoru ne postoji ni jedan projekat koji tretira ovaj problem zasebno. Podaci su dobijeni na osnovu deset poteze (rastojanje između dvije tačke gdje počinje i završava vučenje mreže), na kojima je dubina bila u rasponu od 42 m do 350 m. Dobijeni podaci pokazuju da je količina nejestivog dijela ulova bila u rangu od 1% do 36%. Ovo ukazuje da velika količina morskih organizama biva zahvaćena mrežom sa morskog dna i ponovo vraćena nazad jer nema upotrebnu vrijednost

Tehnologija uzgoja dagnji (mytilus galloprovincialis) i kamenica (ostrea edulis) u Bokokotorskom zalivu

Razvoj marikulture u Crnoj Gori je jedno od strateški važnih pitanja u programima proizvodnje hrane za domaće tržište i za izvoz. Program podrazumijeva proizvodnju, odnosno uzgoj nekoliko vrsta školjaka i riba, dok je u planu i uzgoj rakova. Marikultura je sve značajnija privredna grana u svijetu jer nadoknađuje smanjene potencijale hrane iz prirodnih izvora. I pored naglašenog značaja marikulture, izuzetnih bioloških i ekoloških karakteristika priobalnog mora Crne Gore, naučnog-stručnog znanja, moramo konstatotovati da je uzgoj morskih organizama na navedenom području tek u inicijalnom začetku, čak i kada se radi o uzgoju školjaka, čija je sadašnja proizvodnja oko 200 t. godišnje, što ostvaruje 16 uzgajivača u Bokokotorskom zalivu- uglavnom u Kotorskom i Tivatskom dijelu. Dakle, cijela marikultura u Crnoj Gori koncentrisana je na područje Bokokotorskog zaliva, dok je otvoreno more, u tom smislu, ostalo potpuno neiskorišćeno. U davna vremena način uzgoja školjaka bio je vrlo jednostavan. Grane hrasta, trešnje, masline i ostalog raspoloživog materijala su se sakupljale i bacale u more. Na tako bačene grane hvatala se mlađ školjaka (kamenica i dagnji), a nakon tri godine i nekoliko faza uzgoja proces je bio kompletan, školjke su se vadile iz mora, te otpremale na tržište. Cilj ovog rada je da damo svojevrsni pregled, počevši od prvih istraživanja mogućnosti uzgoja dagnji i kamenica u Bokokotorskom zalivu do današnjeg stanja i pravaca u kojima bi marikultura trebala da se razvoja u Crnoj Gori

Distribución espacial a gran escala de la megafauna de aguas profundas en fondos arrastrables del Mediterráneo

The large-scale distribution pattern of megafauna communities along the Mediterranean middle slope was explored. The study was conducted between 500 and 800 m depth where deep-water fishery occurs. Although community studies carried out deeper than 500 m are partly available for some geographic areas, few large-scale comparative studies have been carried out. Within the framework of the MEDITS survey programme, we compared the megafauna community structure in ten geographical sub-areas (GSAs) along the Mediterranean coasts. Additionally, the spatial distribution of fishing was analysed using vessel monitoring by satellite information. Overall, the community showed a significant difference between sub-areas, with a decreasing eastward pattern in abundance and biomass. Longitude was the main factor explaining variation among sub-areas (by generalized additive models). However, we found a region which did not follow the general pattern. GSA 6 (northern Spain) showed significantly lower abundance and a different composition structure to the adjacent areas. The decrease in community descriptors (i.e. abundance and biomass) in this area is probably a symptom of population changes induced by intense fishery exploitation. Overall, a combination of environmental variables and human-induced impacts appears to influence the bentho-pelagic communities along the slope areas of the Mediterranean.En este estudio se describe la estructura y patrones de distribución de la comunidad de megafauna que habita en el margen continental medio a lo largo del Mediterráneo. El estudio se realizó entre los 500 y 800 m, coincidiendo espacialmente con las pesquerías de profundidad. A pesar de que se conoce parcialmente la estructura de las comunidades que habitan por debajo de 500 m, existe la necesidad de estudiar estas comunidades a una escala espacial más amplia. Dentro del marco del proyecto internacional MEDITS, se comparó la estructura de las comunidades en diez sub-áreas geográficas (GSAs) a lo largo de las costas mediterráneas. Además se analizó la distribución espacial del esfuerzo pesquero utilizando la información de los datos de seguimiento de buques. En general los resultados mostraron diferencias significativas entre subáreas mostrando un patrón decreciente en los valores de biomasa hacia el este, siendo la longitud el principal factor explicativo del modelo de distribución (GAMs). Sin embargo, encontramos una subárea que no seguía el patrón general, la GSA6 (norte de España). La GSA6 mostró una biomasa y estructura de la comunidad diferente a las áreas adyacentes. La disminución de la biomasa en esta área parece ser un síntoma de los cambios poblaciones causados por la elevada intensidad de pesca en la zona. Los resultados sugieren que la distribución y estructura de las comunidades bento-pelágicas parecen estar moduladas por la combinación de las variables ambientales y los impactos producidos por la actividad humana

Evaluation of In Vitro Cytotoxic Potential of Avarol towards Human Cancer Cell Lines and In Vivo Antitumor Activity in Solid Tumor Models

The goal of this study was to determine the activity in vitro and in vivo of avarol, a sesquiterpene hydroquinone originating from the Dysidea avara sponge from the south Adriatic Sea, against different cancer cell lines and two types of mouse carcinoma. To investigate the in vitro cytotoxicity, a human cervix adenocarcinoma cell line (HeLa), human colon adenocarcinoma (LS174), human non-small-cell lung carcinoma (A549), and a normal human fetal lung fibroblast cell line (MRC-5) were used. The in vivo antitumor activity was investigated against two transplantable mouse tumors, the Ehrlich carcinoma (EC) and cervical cancer (CC-5). The effect of avarol on cancer cell survival, which was determined by the microculture tetrazolium test, confirmed a significant in vitro potency of avarol against the investigated cell lines, without selectivity towards MRC-5. The highest cytotoxicity was exhibited against HeLa cancer cells (10.22 ± 0.28 μg/mL). Moreover, potent antitumor activity against two tumor models was determined, as the intraperitoneal administration of avarol at a dose of 50 mg/kg resulted in a significant inhibition of tumor growth in mice. After three administrations of avarol, a 29% inhibition of the EC growth was achieved, while in the case of CC-5, a 36% inhibition of the tumor growth was achieved after the second administration of avarol. Therefore, the results indicate that this marine sesquiterpenoid hydroquinone could be a promising bioactive compound in the development of new anticancer medicine

Evaluation of In Vitro Cytotoxic Potential of Avarol towards Human Cancer Cell Lines and In Vivo Antitumor Activity in Solid Tumor Models

The goal of this study was to determine the activity in vitro and in vivo of avarol, a sesquiterpene hydroquinone originating from the Dysidea avara sponge from the south Adriatic Sea, against different cancer cell lines and two types of mouse carcinoma. To investigate the in vitro cytotoxicity, a human cervix adenocarcinoma cell line (HeLa), human colon adenocarcinoma (LS174), human non-small-cell lung carcinoma (A549), and a normal human fetal lung fibroblast cell line (MRC-5) were used. The in vivo antitumor activity was investigated against two transplantable mouse tumors, the Ehrlich carcinoma (EC) and cervical cancer (CC-5). The effect of avarol on cancer cell survival, which was determined by the microculture tetrazolium test, confirmed a significant in vitro potency of avarol against the investigated cell lines, without selectivity towards MRC-5. The highest cytotoxicity was exhibited against HeLa cancer cells (10.22 ± 0.28 μg/mL). Moreover, potent antitumor activity against two tumor models was determined, as the intraperitoneal administration of avarol at a dose of 50 mg/kg resulted in a significant inhibition of tumor growth in mice. After three administrations of avarol, a 29% inhibition of the EC growth was achieved, while in the case of CC-5, a 36% inhibition of the tumor growth was achieved after the second administration of avarol. Therefore, the results indicate that this marine sesquiterpenoid hydroquinone could be a promising bioactive compound in the development of new anticancer medicine

Status and trends in the rate of introduction of marine non-indigenous species in European seas

Invasive alien species are a major worldwide driver of biodiversity change. The current study lists verified records of non-indigenous species (NIS) in European marine waters until 2020, with the purpose of establishing a baseline, assessing trends, and discussing appropriate threshold values for good environmental status (GES) according to the relevant European legislation. All NIS records were verified by national experts and trends are presented in six-year assessment periods from 1970 to 2020 according to the European Union Marine Strategy Framework Directive. Altogether, 874 NIS have been introduced to European marine waters until 2020 with the Mediterranean Sea and North-East Atlantic Ocean hosting most of the introductions. Overall, the number of new introductions has steadily increased since 2000. The annual rate of new introductions reached 21 new NIS in European seas within the last six-year assessment period (2012–2017). This increase is likely due to increased human activities and research efforts that have intensified during the early 21st century within European Seas. As Europe seas are not environmentally, nor geographically homogenous, the setting of threshold values for assessing GES requires regional expertise. Further, once management measures are operational, pathway-specific threshold values would enable assessing the effectiveness of such measures

Status and trends in the rate of introduction of marine non-indigenous species in European seas

Invasive alien species are a major worldwide driver of biodiversity change. The current study lists verified records of non-indigenous species (NIS) in European marine waters until 2020, with the purpose of establishing a baseline, assessing trends, and discussing appropriate threshold values for good environmental status (GES) according to the relevant European legislation. All NIS records were verified by national experts and trends are presented in six-year assessment periods from 1970 to 2020 according to the European Union Marine Strategy Framework Directive. Altogether, 874 NIS have been introduced to European marine waters until 2020 with the Mediterranean Sea and North-East Atlantic Ocean hosting most of the introductions. Overall, the number of new introductions has steadily increased since 2000. The annual rate of new introductions reached 21 new NIS in European seas within the last six-year assessment period (2012–2017). This increase is likely due to increased human activities and research efforts that have intensified during the early 21st century within European Seas. As Europe seas are not environmentally, nor geographically homogenous, the setting of threshold values for assessing GES requires regional expertise. Further, once management measures are operational, pathway-specific threshold values would enable assessing the effectiveness of such measures