Biological Responses Of Inhaling Gas And Particulate Matter From Biomass Burning On The Respiratory System Of Rats

Trans-boundary air pollution from biomass burning like forest fire is a recurrent environmental problem in Southeast Asia. This raises inevitable issues of the impact of increasing air pollution on human health. Biomass burning releases large amounts of particulates (solid carbon combustion particulates) and gases. Uncontrolled forest fire in Southeast Asia especially Indonesia and Malaysia has caused smoke pollution (haze). The haze episodes in Southeast Asia contributed to substantial health problem of the public in 1 997 and early 1 998. Exposure to gas and particulate air pollution resulted in adverse health effects i.e. an increase in the morbidity and mortality due to respiratory and cardiovascular diseases however the biological mechanisms responsible for this association are not clear

The Level of Community Participation in Supporting Community-Based Tourism on Mount Merapi Slope

This community service was carried out on the Mount Merapi slope, located around the 8-kilometer area, which falls in category III disaster-prone area. The main aim of this activity was to increase the community participation in developing their area through tourism. The method used here was Focused Group Discussion (FGD) that aimed at inviting and accommodating community participation, as well as a structured interview. The analysis employed 0-5 Likert scale containing score weight to identify the factors influencing participation forms and participation benefits. This research used the quantitative descriptive approach to describe the community level of participation. The result shows that the majority of residents (60%) participated in tourist village management, around 25% participated due to their awareness, around 12% participated without serious intention, and 3% did not participate. It can be concluded that they show high level of participation in supporting tourist village development in disaster-prone area

Effect of Arthrospira maxima and Chlorella vulgaris to Lipid Profile and Visceral Fat Index Alteration in Streptozotocin-Induced Hyperglycemia Rats

Arthrospira maxima and Chlorella vulgaris contain protein, carbohydrates, antioxidants, omega-3 fatty acids, and many micronutrients. Those compounds have potency of antidiabetic and hypolipidemic activity. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of A. maxima and C. vulgaris powder administration on alteration of body weight, lipid profile, glucose levels, and visceral fat index of hyperglycemia rats. Twenty male rats were divided into 5 groups i.e. negative control (NC), hyperglycemia control (HC), metformin (M), A. maxima (AR), and C. vulgaris (CH). Body weight and visceral fat index were measured and calculated by semianalytic and analytical scales. Serum glucose levels were measured by Easy Touch GCU (Glucose, Cholesterol, Uric acid). Lipid profile levels were measured using the photometric enzymatic method. The results showed no differences in body weight between groups, except in AR group was found significantly decreased in body weight on the 20th day. Glucose serum, total cholesterol, HDL and triglyceride levels in microalgae treatment groups were not significantly different be compare to control group. LDL levels of D30 significantly different from D0, but neither between groups. The visceral fat index of a control group was higher compared to that of a microalgae group and significantly different. In conclusion, the administration of microalgae A. maxima and C. vulgaris for 30 days are effective to reduce visceral fat index but not effective to maintain body weight, glucose level, as well as not effective to improve lipid profile

Maturation of Female Yellow Rasbora (Rasbora Lateristriata Bleeker, 1854) Using Oodev at Different Doses in Feed

The current high demand for Yellow rasbora (Rasbora lateristriata) is not supported by the availability of captured Yellow rasbora in nature. Aquaculture is the most rational way of utilizing biological natural resources. In intensive aquaculture, it is necessary to optimize all processes that occur in aquaculture, including hatchery. However, the common problem that often happens in hatchery activities is spawning which depends on the season. The hormonal manipulation technique is an appropriate way to stimulate gonadal maturation. Oodev is a hormonal combination of pregnant mare serum gonadotropin and anti-dopamine to stimulate gonadal maturation. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of using the Oodev with different doses in feed to accelerate gonad maturation of female Yellow rasbora. The study was carried out with four treatments and three replications in 21 days with different doses of Oodev, such as; A (Feed without Oodev), B (0.5 mL/kg feed), C (1 mL/kg feed) and D (2 mL/kg feed). The parameters observed in this study were gonad maturity level, histological structure of ovary, gonadosomatic index, fecundity, and diameter of eggs. The results showed that the dose of Oodev at 1.0 mL/kg feed was an effective dose to optimize the gonad maturity of female Yellow rasbora. This is proven by the highest results shown on all parameters, such as; the maturity level in the IV phase, histological structure of the ovary which showed the dominance of the oocyte maturation phase, gonadosomatic index of 14.014%, the fecundity of 721 eggs, and egg diameter of 0.865 mm. In conclusion, using Oodev in feed at a dose of 1.0 ml/kg of feed for 21 days is an effective dose to optimize the maturation of female Yellow rasbora.

Kidney Function Test of Female Wistar Rat (Rattus norvegicus Berkenhout, 1769) of Subchronic Toxicity Test of Arthrospira maxima and Chlorella vulgaris

Arthrospira maxima and Chlorella vulgaris are contained a high protein and antioxidant levels that can be used as functional foods or supplements to improve health. Furthermore, this material needs to be monitored for safety. The aims of this research were determined the subchronic toxicity test of microalgae A. maxima and C. vulgaris on kidney function. Parameters of this research were creatinine levels, urea levels, kidney index, and histological structure of the kidney glomerular. Besides that, the progression of body weight was observed. Five teen female Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus Berkenhout,1769) divided into three groups randomly were one control group and two treatment groups using A. maxima and C. vulgaris in the same dose were 2500 mg/kg of body weight. Subchronic toxicity test was conducted by oral gavage every day during 90 days — the measurement of creatinine levels and urea levels on the 30th, 60th, and 90th day. Kidney index and glomerular histology of rat’s kidney was prepared after necropsy at the end of this research. Base on the results, it can be concluded that consume of Arthrospira maxima, and Chlorella vulgaris at 2500 mg/kg of body weight increased creatinine and urea levels. Bodyweight, kidney index, and pathological glomerular cells of histological kidney were still in normal value

MENINGKATKAN PRESTASI BELAJAR ILMU PENGETAHUAN ALAM MELALUI METODE EKSPERIMEN PADA KELAS VIII B SMP NEGERI 2 JATIPURNO TAHUN PELAJARAN 2010/2011 (UPAYA PEMBELAJARAN AKTIF, INOVATIF, KREATIF, EFEKTIF, MENYENANGKAN)

Tujuan penelitian tindakan kelas ini adalah untuk meningkatkan prestasi belajar Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam melalui metode ekpserimen baik dari segi penguasan materi pelajaran maupun motivasi belajar. Penelitian ini dilakasanakan di SMP Negeri 2 Jatipurno kabupaten Wonogiri mulaitanggal 5 Desember 2010 sampai dengan 20 Maret 2011 pada kelas VIII B dengan jumlah pesertadidik 32 terdiri dari 18 laki-laki dan 14 perempuan. Metode yang digunakan adalah eksperimen yaitudengan melakukan pengujian terhadap pewarna maknan (siklus 1), efek bahan pemutih terhadaplingkungan air (siklus 2), dan pengawet bakso yang menggunakan boraks (siklus 3). Berdasarkanhasil penelitian bahwa penggunaan metode eksperimen dapat memberikan kontribusi yang positifterhadap peningkatan prestasi belajar siswa, peran aktif siswa, prestasi belajar siswa secara signifikandisamping itu juga menumbuhkan rasa keingintahuan dan sikap kritis terhadap permasalahankehidupan sehari-hari yang terjadi, serta dapat mempengaruhi terhadap perbaikan kinerja guru dalampembelajaran

TESTOSTERONE AND CORTISOL LEVEL IN FECAL JAVA DEER (Cervus russa timorensis Mul. & Schl 1844) MALE IN CAPTIVITY BUNDER GUNUNG KIDUL YOGYAKARTA

Common reasons for monitoring hormone concentrations in domestic or wild animals, include breeding management, pregnancy diagnosis, stress assessment, and to diagnosed of endocrine illness. The research goal was to develop non invasive analytical techniques of hormone in Java deer (Cervus russa timorensis Mul. & Schl 1844). The non-invasive methods involve the collection of feces, urine, or even saliva in order to measure the metabolites hormones of interest. Samples obtained from either method are most often analyzed with radioimmunoassay (RIA) or enzyme immunoassay (EIA) technology. Both collection and assay methods have advantages and disadvantages. Choice of method depends on the tractability of the species or individual animal in question and the type of question that the data is expected to answer. We are researching basic questions regarding reproductive endocrinology of male Cervus russa timorensis Mul. & Schl 1844. Understanding C timorensis reproductive physiology will help us better address reproductive challenges in both captive and free-ranging populations. Fecal testosterone and cortisol concentrations were measured in captive male C timorensis. As much as five adult male deer were separated into separate cages. Fecal samples were collected in the morning and evening for 30 days. Sample processed through lyophilization stage, pulverization, solvent extraction with methanol and centrifugation to obtain the supernatant for EIA analysis. EIA test results indicated that content of both testosterone and cortisol could be detected, although the levels were still low. This data show that there is a metabolite in-activism in the fecal. With these results through fecal hormone measurement method (non-invasive) it is possible to be developed for observation and research on the reproductive status of the deer.Keywords: Non-invasive, Testosterone, Cortisol, Java deer

Stress Estimation of Pre-Slaughter and Slaughtered by Means of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy Analysis Through Measurement of Cortisol and Catecholamine Level in Female Cattle Urine

Abstract. This study was aimed to analyze the levels of catecholamine and cortisol as stress indicator by invasive and non-invasive methods. Twelve female cattle PO were used in this study and were collected from slaughter house in Yogyakarta. Catecholamine and cortisol level of urine were measured by Enzyme linked Immunoassay (EIA) method and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), were statistically analyzed to determine the difference between pre slaughter and slaughter conditions. FTIR spectra were analyzed using chemo-metrics software.  These results showed that the concentration of urinary cortisol were 2.12±1.68 ng/dl of pre-slaughter and 7.58±3.89 ng/dl of slaughtered respectively. The levels of urinary catecholamine in pre slaughter and slaughter were 3.07±2.05 ng/dl  and 4.15±2.68 ng/dl respectively. In FTIR analysis showed the spectral separation between the different quadrants before and during slaughter. The result suggested the correlation between the results of the analysis using the EIA and FTIR spectra. It is assumed that the separation of the FTIR spectrum in line with the increased levels of cortisol catecholamine and samples. It can be concluded that FTIR can be used to analyze the status of stress in animals, especially in cattle. Key words: catecholamine, cortisol, non-invasive, FTIR Abstrak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kadar katekolamin dan kortisol sebagai indicator stress secara invasif maupun non invasif dan mengembangkan metode deteksi stress pada sapi. Penelitian menggunakan sampel urin sapi Peranakan Ongole (PO) yang diambil dari rumah potong hewan di Yogyakarta. Analisis kadar katekolamin (CA) dan kortisol (CO) dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode EIA dan FTIR. Data konsentrasi kortisol maupun katekolamin hasil pengukuran menggunakan metode EIA dilakukan analisis statistik untuk mengetahui pengaruh stres terhadap konsentrasi CA dan CO urine. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan rata-rata konsentrasi kortisol urin adalah 2.12±1.68 ng/dl dalam kondisi prapenyembelihan dan 7,58±3,89 ng/dl pada saat penyembelihan. Sedangkan konsentrasi katekolamin urin pada saat prapenyembelihan dan penyembelihan secara berurutan adalah 3,07±2,05 ng/dl  dan 4,15±2,68 ng/dl. Analisis FTIR menggambarkan pemisahan spektral pada quadran berbeda antara sebelum dan saat penyembelihan. Berdasarkan hasil ini menunjukkan korelasi antara hasil analisis dengan menggunakan EIA dan FTIR, baik konsentrasi katekolamin dan kortisol dengan spektra FTIR dari sampel. Perbedaan konsentrasi CA dan CO urin prapenyembelihan dan saat penyembelihan sejelan dengan pemisahan spektra FTIR. Hal ini diyakini bahwa pemisahan spektrum FTIR disebabkan adanya peningkatan kadar katekolamin dan kortisol dari sampel. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa FTIR dapat untuk menganalisis status stres pada hewan khususnya pada sapi. Kata kunci : katekolamin, kortisol, non invasif, FTI

Hemotoxicity of Hairy Fig (Ficus hispida L.f.) Fruits on Male Wistar Rats (Rattus norvegicus Berkenhout, 1769)

Hairy fig (Ficus hispida) fruits (HFF) are widely consumed as food and traditional medicine in several West Asian countries, both the unripe fruit (UHFF) and ripe fruit (RHFF). However, they are not commonly utilized in Indonesia. Acute oral toxicity studies reported No Observed adverse effect level (NOAEL). Further, a reproductive toxicity study found that UHFF boosted spermatogenesis and increased the quality and quantity of spermatozoa. Meanwhile, RHFF exhibited the opposite effects. To provide comprehensive information from the previous study, this research was conducted to evaluate the hemotoxicity of UHFF and RHFF about their impact on the male reproductive system. Nine Wistar rats were assigned into three groups: the first group received UHFF juice, the second group received RHFF juice, and the third group received distilled water as control. The volume of each treatment was 2 mL/individual/day for 77 days. On days 0, 28, and 77, blood samples were collected for routine hematological profile examination using a hematology analyzer (Sysmex®XP-100). Data were analyzed using a one-way ANOVA test and Duncan's test (α=0.05) to discover significant differences between groups and times. Results showed that consuming hairy fig fruit, especially the UHFF, had an unfavorable effect on erythrocytes resulting in hypochromic microcytic anemia. Still, there was no adverse effect on leukocytes and platelets. Anemia may have occurred due to the presence of hemotoxic compounds that interfere with the synthesis and binding of hemoglobin or because the hairy fig fruit filtrates were oxidized, thereby increasing the level of oxidative stress within the body, of which is a drop in hemoglobin levels