Misrepresentation and Construction of Meaning in Translation of News Texts in the Context of Conflict and Intervention: the Application of Systemic-Functional Linguistics

This study presents an analysis of misrepresentation and construction of meaning in the translation of news texts in the English and Russian news media. The texts analysed are published online by the U.S. and Russian media. They discuss events in contexts of sociopolitical instability, military conflict and intervention, including: military intervention in Georgia (2008), humanitarian intervention and socio-political instability in Somalia (2011 and 2012) and military conflict as well as socio-political instability in Afghanistan (2010 and 2012). This research has three main aims. The first is to examine the ways in which ideological representation is (re-)constructed in the shift between source/s and translated news texts. This is conducted through the analysis of individual linguistic choices. The second and overlapping aim is to investigate the relationship between translated target news texts and their potential source texts in the context of the issue of source-target relationship in the area of news translation. The final aim is to assess the applicability of Systemic-Functional Linguistics (SFL) to translated Russian news texts in contrast to their potential sources. This is in order to analyse the ideology of representation constructed in translated Russian news texts and examine cases of misrepresentation of sources. This thesis discusses the production of global media in the context of conflict as well as strategies of news media production. Key categories and components of the theory of SFL are discussed in order to suggest an adaptation of the SFL model of analysis which can be applied to the corpus of the news texts and their translations in the online media. These key categories include: thematic and transitivity structure, modality and context. The SFL model is applied to the textual analysis of news texts in the form of case studies in order to examine individual linguistic choices – choices of lexicogrammar in the immediate linguistic as well as a wider socio-political context. Choices of lexicogrammar are interpreted with regard to the particular socio-political context of each political or military event discussed. Six stages of analysis are identified: structure analysis, context analysis, thematic structure analysis, transitivity structure analysis, modality and interpretation/evaluation of results. The analysis is applied to a corpus of twenty news texts drawn from the online media. 3 The results of the analysis indicate that SFL can be applied effectively to the analysis of translated news texts and their potential sources, in English as well as in Russian. The results also show that potential sources are often misrepresented. The suggestion arising from this is that both the question of source-target relationship and the issue of equivalence in news translation, although problematic, may be successfully investigated, in contrast to what has previously been suggested in the area of news translation analysis. The study indicates that there are differences in the constructed ideologies of both representation and meanings in the analysed news texts. The general conclusion of the analysis with regard to constructed ideologies of representation is that national interests, existing stereotypes, policies and practices are reinforced through translation. In the context of news translation the study addresses and illustrates a range of relevant and problematic issues. It also adds to the research related to contexts of political discourse by analysing three contexts of conflict and intervention. The current situation of instability in the region and Russia’s military intervention in Ukraine (similar to the one in Georgia in 2008) contribute to the topicality and importance of the questions of representation and construction of meaning through translation in the media presented in this research. The results of the analysis indicate the need for further research based on a larger corpus of news texts. It is also suggested that further analysis may incorporate the readers’ response as a criterion for evaluation of constructed ideology of representation in the respective contexts of news production

A PRIORITIZATION MODEL FOR LOCAL ROADWAYS: A CASE STUDY OF SYRACUSE, NY

There are many cities like Syracuse that do not have a structured system of managing local roadways. Every city has its own unique way of managing roadways within their boundaries by utilizing different tools. This research focuses on developing a prioritization tool for roadways to help transportation experts prioritize local roads. This tool identifies what roadway segments need to be managed closely under conditions of failure (serviceability limit). For this research, serviceability limit was defined as a condition when it becomes not safe to drive on the road and the only way of improving the road’s condition is total reconstruction. The prioritization model includes two analysis methods that generate a list of critical roadways that require the most attention. Currently, many transportation experts who are employed by local authorities utilize ratings from 1 to 10 to identify which roadways should be considered as candidates for reconstruction. A general rule of thumb when utilizing this approach is to include all roadways with a condition rating of 5 and below as candidates for reconstruction. A database of all roadway segments within the City of Syracuse was obtained from local authorities for this research where a road segment is identified as a portion of a road from one intersection to another. There are approximately 5000 roadway segments in Syracuse making the street prioritization process complex and time-consuming. As a result, a hierarchy of roadway factors was created to better differentiate roadways and produce importance scores for each road segment. The hierarchy includes three major categories of roadway factors: social, economic and environmental. All of the categories were further divided into sub-categories to evaluate every road section. The importance scores generated from the hierarchy were used with the most recent condition ratings to produce a list of the most critical roadway sections. All of the categories and sub-categories within the hierarchy were assigned weight factors to emphasize what groups of roadway factors have a greater influence on the decision-making process. Two analysis methods, the first (preliminary) and the second (final), were developed to identify critical roadways using their importance scores and most recent condition ratings. A hierarchy of roadway factors was utilized in both methods to generate importance scores for local roadways. Two methods have some major differences including how importance scores and condition ratings were combined, weights assigned for each category within the hierarchy, and scale values. Top road segments from both methods were compared and showed 24% similarity in results. This means that some of the road sections were identified as critical by both analysis methods even though the analyses have some major differences between two methods. Both prioritization methods were developed based on feedback provided by transportation experts employed by the City of Syracuse

Visualization as a Means of Influence (on the Example of Student Periodicals)

Visualization is a modern tool of communication with media perceptive readers. Visual means allow to influence the emotional sphere of the reader, replace certain information and the number of characters, diversify the compositional design of publications and create their aesthetics, which affects the image and reputation of periodicals. Visualization is a tool that is actively used in student periodicals, the target audience of which is modern youth with clip thinking. In order to attract the attention of such readers, to intensify their attention, the editors of student publications diversify the content with the help of a set of visual aids. In particular, typical forms of visualization in publications are photographs, drawings, pictures, symbols, comics, puzzles, tables, graphics, variation of page space with fonts, colors, decorative lines. The article analyzes the content of student magazines in Ukraine and Poland on the means of visualization and states the effectiveness of visual communication for these publications. As a result of research it is established that visualization has specificity of the influence (complexity and systematics). Determining criteria for the effectiveness of visual communication of student periodicals are visual activity, the degree of cognitive perception, compositional organization, supragraphemics, topographemics, non-pictographic elements, text positioning

Окиснення 4-брометилбензену озоном в оцтовій кислоті

The kinetics and the mechanism of ozonation of 4-bromethylbenzene in acetic acid was studied. The constants of the rate of reaction of ozone with 4-bromethylbenzene and 4-bromacetophenone at different temperatures were determined. We showed the possibility of conducting the process not only by the aromatic ring of the substrate in accordance with the Krige mechanism, but also with the formation of 4-bromacetophenone, which will be used when creating new methods of synthesis of oxygen-containing derivatives of ethylbenzene.It was established that oxidation of 4-bromethylbenzene by ozone in acetic acid flows mainly by the aromatic ring with the formation of ozonides – peroxide products of aliphatic nature. Up to 35 % of 4-bromacetophenone and trace amounts of 1-(4-bromphenyl)ethanol were identified among the products of oxidation reaction by the side chain. The reaction of ozone with 4-bromethylbenzene in acetic acid at temperatures of up to30 °Chas the first order by initial components and the value of constant of reaction rate does not depend on the concentration of reactants. With increasing temperature, constant of reaction rate begins to depend on the concentration of reagents, and in this case, ozone consumption increases significantly. This indicates that under experimental conditions, ozone is consumed simultaneously at different stages of oxidation. It was proved that ozonation of 4-bromethylbenzene is a complicated process, in which the substrate is oxidized by the non-chain mechanism. Ozone is consumed in two directions: in the reaction with the substrate by non-chain mechanism and by the chain mechanism at the stage of chain continuation in the reaction with the products of thermal decomposition of ozonides. This fact gives grounds to argue that at an increase in temperature, unproductive consumption of ozone will grow rapidly and, vice versa, under conditions of prevention of ozonolysis, ozone will participate in the reaction with formation of the target aromatic product.Thus, the experimentally obtained data are the basis for the development of the process of oxidation of derivatives of ethylbenzene and creation of the foundations of technology of 4-bromacetophenone synthesis with the help of ozone. This will considerably simplify the apparatus design of the process, enhance the output of the target product and will contribute to subsequent improvement of the method of oxidative processing of reagentsИсследована кинетика и механизм озонирования 4-брометилбензола в уксусной кислоте. Определены константы скорости реакции озона с 4-брометилбензолом и 4-бромацетофеноном при различных температурах. Показана возможность ведения процесса не только по ароматическому кольцу субстрата в соответствии с механизмом Криге, но и с образованием 4-бромацетофенона, что будет использовано при создании новых методов синтеза кислородсодержащих производных этилбензола.Установлено, что окисление 4-брометилбензола озоном в уксусной кислоте протекает преимущественно по ароматическому кольцу с образованием озонидов – пероксидных продуктов алифатического характера. Среди продуктов реакции окисления по боковой цепи идентифицированы до 35 % 4-бромацетофенон и следовые количества 1-(4-бромфенил)этанола. Реакция озона с 4-брометилбензолом в уксусной кислоте при температурах до 30 ºС имеет первый порядок по исходным компонентам, а значение константы скорости реакции не зависит от концентрации реагентов. С повышением температуры константа скорости реакции начинает зависеть от концентрации реагентов, расход озона при этом существенно возрастает. Это свидетельствует о том, что в условиях опытов озон расходуется одновременно на разных стадиях окисления. Доказано, что озонирование 4-брометилбензола представляет собой сложный процесс, в котором субстрат окисляется по нецепному механизму. Озон расходуется в двух направлениях: в реакции с субстратом по нецепному механизму и по цепному на стадии продолжения цепи в реакции с продуктами термического разложения озонидов. Этот факт дает основание утверждать, что с повышением температуры непродуктивные расходы озона будут быстро расти и наоборот, в условиях предотвращения озонолиза озон будет участвовать в реакции с образованием целевого ароматического продукта. Таким образом, полученные экспериментальные данные являются основой для разработки процесса окисления производных этилбензола и создания основ технологии синтеза 4-бромацетофенона с помощью озона. Это существенно упростит аппаратурное оформление процесса, повысит выход целевого продукта и будет способствовать дальнейшему совершенствованию методов окислительной переработки реагентовДосліджено кінетику та механізм озонування 4-брометилбензену в оцтовій кислоті. Визначено константи швидкості реакції озону з 4-брометилбензеном та 4-бромацетофеноном при різних температурах. Показана можливість ведення процесу не тільки за ароматичним кільцем субстрату за механізмом Кріге, але і з утворенням 4-бромацетофенону, що стане у нагоді при створенні нових методів синтезу оксигенвмісних похідних етилбензенів.Встановлено, що окиснення 4-брометилбензену озоном в оцтовій кислоті перебігає переважно за ароматичним кільцем з утворенням озонідів – пероксидних продуктів аліфатичного характеру. Серед продуктів реакції окиснення за бічним ланцюгом ідентифіковано до 35 % 4-бромацетофенону та слідові кількості 1-(4-бромфеніл)етанолу. Реакція озону з 4-брометилбензеном в оцтовій кислоті при температурах до 30 º С має перший порядок по вихідних компонентах, а значення константи швидкості реакції не залежить від концентрації реагентів. З підвищенням температури константа швидкості реакції починає залежати від концентрації реагентів, витрати озону при цьому суттєво зростають. Це свідчить про те, що в умовах дослідів озон витрачається одночасно на різних стадіях окиснення. Доведено, що озонування 4-брометилбензену представляє собою складний процес, в якому субстрат окиснюється за неланцюговим механізмом. Озон витрачається за двома напрямами: в реакції з субстратом за неланцюговим механізмом і за ланцюговим на стадії продовження ланцюгу в реакції з продуктами термічного розкладу озонідів. Цей факт дає підставу стверджувати, що з підвищенням температури непродуктивні витрати озону будуть швидко зростати і навпаки, в умовах запобігання озонолізу озон буде витрачатися переважно за реакцією з утворенням цільового ароматичного продукту.Таким чином, одержані експериментальні дані є основою для розробки процесу окиснення похідних етилбензену та створення основ технології синтезу 4-бромацетофенону за допомогою озону. Це суттєво спростить апаратурне оформлення процесу, підвищить вихід цільового продукту та сприятиме подальшому удосконаленню методів окиснювальної переробки реагенті

CRYPTOCURRENCY IN THE CONTEXT OF DEVELOPMENT OF DIGITAL SINGLE MARKET IN EUROPEAN UNION

The 21st century – is the century of technologies, destroying of economic barriers, unifi cation and globalization. Nowadays, post-industrial society, where market forces have become quite complex the traditional economic transactional mechanisms including newly introduced credit cards, debit cards, ATM and other electronic systems are insufficient to cope with the new economic pressures and demands of the society. Europe requires free movement of people, data, goods, funds. Paper is devoted to implementing cryptocurrency in the context of development of digital single market in EU. Aim of the paper is to investigate cryptocurrency, namely, bitcoin, define its notion, explain its operation, examine its legal basis in the world and in EU and offer future steps for achieving the main goals of the Digital Single Market Strategy. Paper concludes, that the lack of legal foundation of bitcoin exists and proves the necessity of adopting an adopt single Virtual Currency Act, creation of the body, which will be authorized to issuing licenses, exemption the transactions with virtual currency from taxation, spreading ideas concerning using of virtual currency in modern society